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当前位置:首页 > 商业/管理/HR > 经营企划 > 论汽车转向系的诊断与检修全解
题目:论汽车转向系的诊断与检修所属系部:汽车工程学院专业班级:汽车检测与维修技术13-1班学生姓名:张飞指导教师:李学2016年4月30日摘要转向系是汽车行驶的指南针,它的好坏关系着汽车能否安全行驶。本文首先讲述了汽车动力转向系的整体结构;具体介绍了它的功用;分类和工作原理。然后具体对轿车动力转向系统常见的几种故障:一转向沉重,二转向时有噪声,三方向盘自由行程过大,四左右转向时轻重不一,五转向时转向盘强烈抖动,六汽车直线行驶时,转向盘发飘或跑偏。最后讲述了轿车动力转向系中转向盘的自由行程,转向储液罐的液面高度,液压泵的泵送压力,液压系统的密封性,转向柱的检查方法以及通过轿车动力转向系的故障现象进行了诊断分析和检修。对使用和维护汽车有着很现实的意义。关键词:轿车;转向器;故障分析;检查维修目录摘要································································11汽车转向系统的简介···············································51.1汽车动力转向系统的组成································51.2汽车动力转向系统的工作原理····································82轿车动力转向系统故障分析······································112.1转向沉重···················································112.1.1故障现象····················································112.1.2故障原因····················································112.1.3故障诊断与排除············································122.2转向时有噪声····················································122.2.1故障现象·····················································122.2.2故障原因·····················································122.2.3故障诊断与排除···························122.3方向盘自由行程过大·············································132.3.1故障现象·····················································132.3.2故障原因····················································132.3.3故障诊断与排除···························132.4左右转向时轻重不一·············································132.4.1故障现象·····················································132.4.2故障原因····················································132.4.3故障诊断与排除···························132.5转向时转向盘强烈抖动·········································142.5.1故障现象·····················································142.5.2故障原因····················································142.5.3故障诊断与排除···························143轿车动力转向系统的检车与检修····································143.1转向盘的自由行程的检查与检修·················143.2转向储液罐的液面高度的检查··································143.3液压泵的泵送压力的检查··································154汽车故障事例分析····································154.1故障事例一·········································154.1故障事例二·········································15结论······························································16参考文献···························································17论汽车转向系的故障与检修汽车发展的趋势是安全、节能、环保。转向系统是关系主动安全的重要系统,其操纵稳定性好坏对汽车性能影响很大。操纵性是汽车准确跟踪驾驶员意图行驶;稳定性是要求危险工况(高速行驶,侧向加速度大,离心力大,超过轮胎侧偏力而发生大的侧滑;小附着系数路面的侧滑;对开路面上轮胎左右侧偏力不相等、侧向风引起的横摆)下汽车仍稳定行驶。为提高操纵稳定性,出现了ESP(电子稳定程序)、主动转向、4WS(4轮转向)等。ESP判断产生不足转向或过度转向时相应在后轮、前轮产生制动力,产生横摆力矩即纠偏力矩。四轮转向的后轮也参与转向。低速时,后轮与前轮反向转向,减小转弯半径,提高机动灵活性。高速时,后轮与前轮同向转向,提高汽车的稳定性。其控制目标是质心侧偏角为零。然而这些汽车转向系统却处于机械传动阶段,由于其转向传动比固定,汽车的转向响应特性随车速而变化。因此驾驶员就必须提前针对汽车转向特性的幅值和相位变化进行一定的操作补偿,从而控制汽车按其意愿行驶。如果能够将驾驶员的转向操作与转向车轮之间通过信号及控制器连接起来,驾驶员的转向操作仅仅是向车辆输入自己的驾驶指令,由控制器根据驾驶员指令、当前车辆状态和路状况确定合理的前轮转角,从而实现转向系统的智能控制必将对车辆操纵稳定性带来很大的提高,降低驾驶员的操纵负担,改善人一车闭环系统性能。1转向系统的简介本章讲述了转向系的组成;转向系工作原理。1.1汽车动力转向系的组成转向操纵机构主要由转向盘、转向轴、转向管柱等组成。转向器是将转向盘的转动变为转向摇臂的摆动或齿条轴的直线往复运动,并对转向操纵力进行放大的机构。转向器一般固定在汽车车架或车身上,转向操纵力通过转向器后一般还会改变传动方向。转向传动机构将转向器输出的力和运动传给车轮(转向节),并使左右车轮按一定关系进行偏转的机。(1)组成:图1.1所示为一种液压整体式动力转向器。它主要由同于循环球式的机械转向器、动力缸及转阀式转向控制阀等部分组成。图1.1液压整体是动力转向器(2)转向器:用于机械循环球式转向器的转向螺母被制成圆柱形,称为齿条-活塞19,它既是转向器中的转向螺母和齿条,又是动力缸中的活塞。齿条-活塞内制有截面为半圆形的螺旋槽,与其配合的转向螺杆17外表面也制有截面为半圆形的螺旋槽,二者配合能形成截面为圆形的螺旋管状通道,在转向螺杆与齿条-活塞间装有钢球,利用循环球导管23让其构成回路。扇齿与转向摇臂轴18制成一体,利用调整螺钉27调整扇齿与齿条-活塞间的啮合间隙。(3)动力缸:齿条-活塞的下圆柱表面上,即图中的左圆柱表面上,有一环形槽。在槽上装有聚四氟乙烯环和o型密封圈20,以保证活塞装入动力缸以后密封和耐磨。这样将动力缸分成上、下两个密封腔,即图中的右腔和左腔。上、下两密封腔又分别通过设在转向器壳体上的油道与转向控制阀相通。上腔为左转向动力腔,下腔为右转向动力腔。转向控制阀位于动力转向器的上部,它主要由阀体13、转阀12及扭杆轴组件等组成。(4)控制阀阀体:阀体滑装在壳体22上部孔中,制成圆桶形。在其外圆柱形表面上,制有三道较宽深的槽和三道较窄浅的槽。宽深的槽是环形的油槽(也称油环槽),其底部开有与内壁相通的油孔。中间油环槽的4个油孔直径较大,是进油通道,与转向油泵相通。两侧油环槽各有四个直径较小的油孔,与动力缸相通。窄浅的环槽用于安装密封圈组件。阀体的下边缘开有矩形缺口,此缺口与转向器螺杆用锁定销16相卡,形成阀体驱动螺杆的传力连接。在阀体的中部固定有锁定销29。此锁的外端埋在外圆表面以下,内端伸出少许,与扭杆轴组件下端轴盖14外圆上的缺口相卡,互相不能发生相对转动。阀体的内表面制有八条不贯通的纵槽,形成八道槽肩,与转阀的纵槽和槽肩形成工作液流动的间隙。(5)转阀:转阀制成圆桶形,其外圆与阀体滑动配合(间隙很小、配合精度很高,与阀体组成偶件,不可单独更换),表面上也制有八条不贯通的纵槽,形成八道槽肩,与阀体的纵槽和槽肩配合形成液体流动间隙。在转阀的槽肩上开有径向通孔,用以流通液压油。转阀的上端开有槽,用来安装0形密封圈10,转阀的内圆柱面下端开有缺口,短轴下端安装的锁定销30即卡入此缺口中,以保证短轴和转阀的同步转动,而不发生相对角位移。转阀和短轴间留有很大的径向间隙,用以流通回流的油液。(6)扭杆轴组件:短轴3、扭杆轴4、下端轴盖14和销钉30、2组成扭杆轴组件。短轴为空心管状轴件,其上端外表面制有三角形花键,与转向轴下端的万向节相连,转向盘的扭矩由此输入。短轴与扭杆轴上端通过销钉2固定在一起。扭杆轴的下端通过三角形花键与下端轴盖14固定;下端轴盖为圆盘形零件,其外圆与阀体下端止口滑配并卡在阀体锁定销29上。此圆盘形零件的辐板上开有两个对称的腰形槽孔,转向器螺杆上端法兰盘的外圆滑配在阀体的下端止口中,法兰盘上端的叉形凸块就卡入下端轴盖的腰形槽孔中,但两者之间间隙较大,允许有一定的相对角位移,以保证扭杆轴的扭转。(7)调整螺塞:调整螺塞6拧在转向器壳体上端的螺纹孔中,内部装有滚针轴承34支承着短轴,下端装有滚针轴承9使阀体可旋转,并且使阀体锁定销29和16与下端轴盖和转向螺杆法兰盘轴向靠紧。调整螺塞下部装有弹簧,以压紧转阀,阻止转阀轴向移动并使之与短轴下端的锁定销30轴向靠紧。在转向螺杆法兰盘下面还装有止推轴承28,以保证螺杆和转阀组件转动灵活和轴向定位。(8)进油口和出油口:在动力转向器上部设有进油口32和出油口33,通过油管分别与转向油泵和转向油罐相接。在进油口处设有进油口座和止回阀,进油口与阀体的中油环槽相通。出油口和短轴与转阀形成的回油腔相通。在转向器壳体上开有两条贯通的油道,一条上端与阀体的下油环槽相通,下端与动力缸上腔室fp左转向动力腔相通。另一条上端与阀体的上油环槽相通,下端与动力缸的下腔室即右转向动力腔室相通。1.2汽车动力转向系的工作原理由转向油泵、转向油管、转向油罐以及位于整体式转向器内部的转向控制阀及转向动力缸等组成。当驾驶员转动转向盘时,转向摇臂摆动,通过转向直拉杆、横拉杆、转向节臂,使转向轮偏转,从而改变汽车的行驶方向。同时,转向器输入轴还带动转向器内部的转向控制阀转动,使转向动力缸产生液压作用力,帮助驾驶员转向操纵。这样,为了克服地面作用于转向轮上的转向阻力矩,驾驶员需要加于转向盘上的转向力矩,比用机械转向系统时所需的转向力矩小得多。1.工作原理(1)当汽车直线行驶时:转阀处于中间位置,如图1.2所示,来自转向油泵的工作液从转向器壳体的进油口流到阀体的中油环槽中。参见图1.2,经过其槽底的通孔进入阀体和转阀之间,此时因转阀处于中间位置,所以进入的油液分别通过阀体
本文标题:论汽车转向系的诊断与检修全解
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