English-vs-Chinese

Englishvs.Chinese-TenPairsofFeatures•1Syntheticvs.Analytic(综合语与分析语)•2.Rigidvs.Supple(刚性与柔性)•3.Hypotacticvs.Paratactic(形合与意合)•4.Complexvs.Simple(繁复与简短)•5.ImpersonalvsPersonal(InanimatevsAnimate)（物称与人称）•6.Passivevs.Active主动与被动•7.Staticvs.Dynamic静态与动态•8.Abstractvs.Concrete抽象与具体•9.Indirectivevs.directive直接与间接•10.Substitutivevs.Repetive替换与重复1.Syntheticvs.Analytic综合语与分析语•Asyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.•Ananalyticlanguageismarkedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionalwords,auxiliarywordsandchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntancticrelationsthreegrammticaldevicesinEnglish:inflection（变化词形）wordorder（安排词序）andtheuseoffunctionwords（运用虚词）•Inflectionalvs.Non-inflectional•Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway?（既然）人家给了她这样一个好机会，她怎么能轻易错过。WordOrder:Flexiblevs.InflexibleWhatintheworlddoyoumean?(C.Dickens)你的意思究竟是什么呀？inversion•TheUseofFunctionalWords•English:articles,prepositions,auxiliaryverbs,coordiantors(并列连接词)andsubordinator.（从属连接词)•Shewaswithachild.(她带着一个孩子)•Shewaswithchild(她怀着孕)•Chinese:•aspectparticles(动态助词：着、了、过)•structuralparticles(结构助词：的、地、得)•emotionalparticles(语气助词：呢、吗、吧)•打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敌人只好投降。•Unabletofightonortoescape,theenemywasforcedtosurrender.2.Rigidvs.Supple•SV:Themeetinghasbegun.•SVP:Wearestudents.•SVO:Thenewssurprisedme.•SVOO:Shesangusasong.•SVOC:Weelectedhimourmonitor.•ChineseisrelativelyfreefromthegovernmentofS-Vconcordandformalmakers.•天高云淡。（形容词作谓语）•Theskyishighandthecloudsarepale.•他出国留学去了。（连动式谓语）•Hehasgoneabroadforfutherstudies.3.Hypotacticvs.Paratactic•Hypotaxis:Thedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclausesarrangedwithconnectives(形合)•Parataxis:Thearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem(意合)•Relatedterms:Treestructure/bamboostructure•HypotacticEnglish（overtcohension显性接应）•frequentuseofrelativewords,conjunction关系词和连接词Who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,how,And,or,but,yet,so,however,–Thatisourpolicyandthatisourdeclaration.——W.Churchill•这就是我们的国策。这就是我们的宣言。•ParatacticChinese•Covertcoherence隐性连贯•1)wordorder•（因为）她不老实，我不能信任她。•Becausesheisnothonest,Ican’ttrusther•2)repition,parallelism,contrast,antithesis•种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆•Asyousow,sowillyoureap•3)four-characterword•物极必反•Onceacertainlimitisreached,achangeintheoppositedirectionisinevitable.西洋语的结构好像连环，虽然环与环都联络起来，毕竟有联络的痕迹；中国语的结构好像无缝天衣，只是一块一块的硬凑，凑起来还不让它有痕迹。西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性的；中国语法是软的，富于弹性的。——王力4.Complexvs.Simplex复杂与简单•AsEnglishishypotactic,moreoftenthannot,syntacticdevicesareemployedintheformationofsentences.TheEnglishcomplexsentencesareoftenlikechainswithclauseslinkingclauses.•Ontheotherhand,theChinesesentencesorclausestendtobeshortandsimpleinstructure.Theyareflowingandsimplex,withoneclausefollowingtheotherratherinaline.•英译汉时要破句重组、化繁为简。•llustrativeexample:•Inthedoorwaylayatleasttwelveumbrellasofallsizesandcolours.•门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色，大小不一的雨伞。•门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。5.ImpersonalvsPersonal物称与人称•InanEnglishsentence,thechoiceofitssubjectoftenfallsontheinanimateorthethingthatisnotliving.Forexample,itwouldbepreferabletosay“Thereareeightpeopleinhisfamily.”than“Hehaseightpeopleinhisfamily.”•Ontheotherhand,Chinesetendstopickupanimatethingsorpersonstofunctionasthesubjectofasentence.•Illustrativeexamples:•1.Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.•我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。•2.Mygoodfortunehassentyoutome,andwewillneverpart.•我很幸运，能够得到你，让我们永不分离吧。6.Passivevs.Active主动与被动•English:Inmanyinstances,theyusepassivetodisclaimdirectresponsibiliyforstatementthatarebasedonhearsay.•ex.TheypreferitisdirectedthattoIdirectthat.•Chinese:TheCHhinesepassivemarkedby被mailyexpressunpleasantthings.ex.被剥削被捕被毒害•Morderntendency:denoteneutral(中性的)things.ex.被评选为先进工作者•1LastnightIwascoveredupwithtwoquilts.•昨晚我盖了两床被子。•2Whyshouldalltheunplessantthingsbepushedtome?•为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？7.Staticvs.Dynamic静态与动态•English:makingmoreuseofnouns,adjectives,prepositions,isthereforemoresatic.•Chinese:employingmoreverbs,adverbs,verbalphrases,repetition,isthereforemoredynamic.•1Heisagoodeaterandagoodsleeper.•他能吃能睡。•2Iusedtobeabitoffanciermyself.•过去我常常有点喜欢胡思乱想。8.Abstractvs.Concrete抽象与具体•Chineseprefertouseconcreteorspecificwords,employadowntoearthstyle,exprssabstractideasbymetaphors,similes,allgories(寓言).•1Hewaitedherarrivalwithafrenziedagization.•他等着他来，急的像热锅上的蚂蚁。•2Whenyoung,hequittedhishomeandtraveledtometropolis,whichhereachedinastateofalmostutterdestitution.•年轻时代，他背井离乡，徒步来到首都，几乎身无分文。9.Indirectivevs.directive间接与直接•Thewideruseofsuchdevicesasauphemism（委婉），understatement(克制陈述)，litotes(间接肯定)，indirectnegation(间接否定)，tactfulimplication(婉转暗示)，periphrasis(迂回)makesEnglishmoreindirectivethanChinese.•❤Euphemism(委婉):•ex.sanitaryengineer=garbageman清洁工•meattechology=bucher屠户•❤Understatement(克制陈述)：•ex.Ifyouareaworldchampion,sayYes,Idon'tplaytoobadly.•❤Tactfulimplication(婉转暗示)：•ex.Youarelateforthelasttime.•你被解雇了。•❤Indirectnegation(间接否定)：thetransferofthenegation(否定转移)•ex.TheyuseIdon'tthinkhewillcome.insteadofIthinkhewillnotcome.•❤Perephrasis(迂回)：•ex.WillyoubegoodenoughtoadvisemewhetherIshouldaccepttheinviattion?=Pleasetellm