名词解释

1/71,TheChartistMovementwasanattemptinBritaintobuildanindependentpoliticalpartydevotedtotheinterestsofworkingpeople.2theopiumwar:ThetermOpiumWaractuallyreferstoapairofwarsfoughtbetweenBritainandChinaintheearly1800s.3TheBostonTeaParty(initiallyreferredtobyJohnAdamsastheDestructionoftheTeainBoston[2])wasapoliticalprotestbytheSonsofLibertyinBoston,onDecember16,1773.DisguisedasAmericanIndians,thedemonstratorshurtnoonebutdestroyedtheentiresupplyofteasentbytheEastIndiaCompanyindefianceoftheAmericanboycottofteacarryingataxtheAmericanshadnotauthorized.TheyboardedtheshipsandthrewthechestsofteaintoBostonHarbor,ruiningthetea.TheBritishgovernmentrespondedharshlyandtheepisodeescalatedintotheAmericanRevolution.TheTeaPartybecameaniconiceventofAmericanhistory,andotherpoliticalprotestssuchastheTeaPartymovementafter2010explicitlyrefertoit4westwardmovement:itinamericacarreidsettersacrossamerica,fromatlanticoceantothepacificocean,itbeganintheearly1600’switheuropeansettlementsalongthealanticcoastofnorthamerica,itcoutinueduntilthelate1800’’s,bythattime,thewesternfrontiersofunitedstateshadbeenconquered.5Americancivilrightsmovement,massprotestmovementagainstracialsegregationanddiscriminationinthesouthernUnitedStatesthatcametonationalprominenceduringthemid-1950s.6TheAtlanticCharterwasapivotalpolicystatementissuedinAugust1941that,earlyinWorldWarII,definedtheAlliedgoalsforthepost-warworld.ItwasdraftedbytheleadersofBritainandtheUnitedStates,andlateragreedtobyalltheAllies.7OpenDoorpolicy,statementofprinciplesinitiatedbytheUnitedStates(1899,1900)fortheprotectionofequalprivilegesamongcountriestradingwithChinaandinsupportofChineseterritorialandadministrativeintegrity.TheOpenDoorpolicywasreceivedwithalmostuniversalapprovalintheUnitedStates,andformorethan40yearsitwasacornerstoneofAmericanforeignpolicy8thecairodeclaration:onNovember27,1943.PresidentFranklinRooseveltoftheUnitedStates,Thedeclarationdevelopedideasfromthe1941AtlanticCharter,whichwasissuedbytheAlliesofWorldWarIItosetgoalsforthepost-warorder.TheCairoCommuniquéwasbroadcastthroughradioonDecember1,1943.[1]TheCairoDeclarationiscitedinClauseEight(8)ofthePotsdamDeclaration,whichisreferredtobytheJapaneseInstrumentofSurrender9themarshallPlanwastheAmericaninitiativetoaidEurope,inwhichtheUnitedStatesgaveeconomicsupporttohelprebuildEuropeaneconomiesaftertheendofWorldWarIIinordertopreventthespreadofSovietCommunism10,FBI:FederalBureauofInvestigation:abureauintheU.S.DepartmentofJusticechargedwithconductinginvestigationsfortheAttorneyGeneralandwithsafeguardingnationalsecurity.11,President-electoftheUnitedStatesisthetitleusedforanincomingPresidentoftheUnitedStatesintheperiodbetweenthegeneralelectiononElectionDayinNovemberandnooneasternstandardtimeonInaugurationDay,January20,duringwhichheisnotinofficeyet.Thetitleisusedfortheapparentwinner[1]andisfinalizedwhenvotesoftheElectoralCollege,castinDecember,arecountedbyajointsessionofCongressinearlyJanuary.IfasittingPresidenthaswonre-election,heisnotreferredtoasaPresident-electbecauseheisalreadyinofficeandisnotwaitingtobecomepresident.IfanewPresidentisscheduledtoenter,thenthecurrent-standingoneissaidtoholdtheofficeonalame-duckbasis.12TheCabinetoftheUnitedKingdomisthecollectivedecision-makingbodyofHerMajesty's2/7GovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom,TheCabinetistheexecutivecommitteeofHerMajesty'sPrivyCouncil,abodywhichhaslegislative,judicialandexecutivefunctions,andwhoselargemembershipincludesmembersoftheOpposition.Itsdecisionsaregenerallyimplementedeitherundertheexistingpowersofindividualgovernmentdepartments,orbyOrdersinCouncil13thespeakeristhechiefofficerandhighestauthorityoftheHouseofCommonsandmustremainpoliticallyimpartialatalltimes.DuringdebatestheSpeakerkeepsorderandcallsMPstospeak14TheEnglishPoorLaws[2]wereasystemofpoorreliefwhichexistedinEnglandandWales[3]thatdevelopedoutoflate-medievalandTudor-eralawsbeingcodifiedin1587–98.1.theHardian’sWall:ItwasoneofthetwogreatwallsbuiltbytheRomanstokeepthePictsoutoftheareatheyhadconquered.2.AlfredtheGreatAlfredwasastrongkingofthewisemen.ItwascreatedbytheAnglo-Saxonstoadvisetheking.It’sthebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststoday.3.WilliamtheConqueror:WilliamwasDukeofNormandy.HelandedhisarmyinOct,1066anddefeatedkingHarold.ThenhewascrownedkingofEnglandonChristamsDaythesameyear.HeestablishedastrongNormangovernmentandthefeudalsysteminEngland.4.thebattleofHastings:In1066,KingEdwarddiedwithnoheir,theWitanchoseHaroldasking.William,DukeofNormandy,invadedEngland.OnOctober14,thetwoarmiesmetnearHasting.Afteraday’sbattle,Haroldwaskilledandhisarmycompletelydefeated.SothisbattlewasveryimportantonthewayoftheRomanconquest.5.DomesdayBook:UnderWilliam,thefeudalsystemwasestablished.WilliamsentofficialstocompileapropertyrecordknownasDomesdayBook,whichcompletedin1086.ItwastheresultofageneralsurveyofEnglandmadein1085.Itstatedtheextent,value,thepopulation,stateofcultivation,andownershipoftheland.ItseemedtotheEnglishliketheBookofdoomonJudgementDay.6.theGreatCharter:KingJohn’sreigncausedmuchdiscontentamongthebarons.In1215,hewasforcedtosignad