国际商务英语-名词解释

Lesson1Visibletrade有形贸易:Theformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.(includingcashtransaction-bymeansofmoneyandmarket,andcountertrade)Invisibletrade无形贸易:Theformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consulting,informationetc.iscalledinvisibletradeorserviceindustries.FDI(foreigndirectinvestments)ismadeofreturnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedinahostcountry.Portfolioinvestment证券投资:Purchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.Stocks股票:Capitalstocksorbonds.Bonds债券:Thepapersissuedbyagovernmentorafirmwithpromisetopaybackthemoneylentorinvestedtogetherwithinterest.Licensing许可经营:Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry.Theychooselicensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecashpaymentstostatbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty.Franchising特许经营:afirmcalledthefranchisee,isallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,calledthefranchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logos,andoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.Franchiser特许方:Afirmwhoprovidesthefranchiseewithtrademarks,brandnames,logosandoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.Franchisee被特许方:Afirmisallowedtooperateinthenameofanother.Managementcontract管理合同:Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorotherspecializedservicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume.Turnkeyproject“交钥匙”工程:afirmsignsacontractwithaforeignpurchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequippingbeforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.Internationalinvestment国际投资:Supplyingcapitalbyresidentsofonecountrytoanother.Internationalbusiness国际商务:Transactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Sometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisalsoregardedasimportandexport.BOTisapopularvariantoftheturnkeyprojectwhereBstandsforbuild,OforoperateandTfortransfer.ForaBOTproject,afirmoperateafacilityforaperiodoftimeafterbuldingitupbeforefinallytransferringittoaforeigncompany.Lesson2GNP国民生产总值:GrossnationalProduct.Themarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.GDP国内生产总值:GrossDomesticProduct.Themarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy.PercapitaGDP人均国内生产总值:ItiscalculatedbydividingitstotalGDPbyitspopulation,whichrevealstheaverageincomelevelofconsumers.Incomedistribution收入分布:Theproportionsofitsrich,middleincomeandpoorpeople.capabilityat/incostfor/ofatreasonablecostsleviedontakeintoaccountwithoutreferenceto(不针对)makeeffortstoengageinLesson3Freetradearea自由贸易区:ThemembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemselveswhilestilladoptseachownexternalpolicyCustomsunion关税同盟:ThemembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemselvesandadoptthesameexternalpolicyCommonmarket共同市场:Themembersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutalsotofactorsofproductionandadoptthesameexternalpolicy.EconomicUnion(EU)经济同盟:Themembersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutalsotofactorsofproduction,adoptthesameexternalpolicyandharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypoliciesandusethesamecurrency.Lesson4ParentMNCheadquarter跨国公司母公司，总部istheoriginalinvestingmultinationalcorporation.ItisalsotheinternationalheadquartersoftheMNE.MNC跨国公司=TNC:Multinationalcorporation,aremadeupofvastnumbersofforeignsubsidiaries,companiesinwhichover50percentisownedbytheparentcompany.MNE跨国企业:Multinationalenterprise:Atypicalmultinationalenterpriseshallbedefinedasabusinessorganizationwhichowns(whetherwhollyorpartly),controlsandmanagesassets,oftenincludingproductiveresources,inmorethanonecountry,throughitsmembercompaniesincorporatedseparatelyineachofthesecountries.Eachmembercompanyisknownasamultinationalcorporation.Homecounty母国:Thecountrywheretheheadquarteroftheinvestorislocated.Hostcountry东道国:Thehostcountryisaforeigncountrywheretheinvestoroperates.Lesson5Absoluteadvantage绝对利益:Itholdsthatacommoditywillbeproducedinthecountrywhereitcostsleastintermsofresources(capital,landandlabor)Comparativeadvantage比较利益:Evenifacountryislessefficientthananotherintheproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.Internationaltrade国际贸易:Theexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinanothersufficient.Primarycommodities：thosecommoditiesnotprocessed，oronlyslightlyprocessed，usuallyfarmproduceorrawmaterials.Specialization专业化:Torestrictone’seconomicactivitiestocertainparticularfields.Lesson6Importduties进口关税:TariffsleviedongoodsenteringanareaExportduties出口关税:TaxesleviedongoodsleavinganareaTariff关税:Ataxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossestheboundaryofacustomarea.Quota配额:Aquotalimitstheimportsorexportsofacommodityduringagivenperiodoftime.Itisthemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers.Drawback退税:Dutiespaidonimportedgoodsthatarerefundedifthegoodsarereexported.Most-favored-nation(MFN)treatment最惠国待遇:AtarifftreatmentunderwhichacountryisrequiredtoextendtoallsignatoriesanytariffconcessionsgrantedtoanyparticipatingcountryContractproper：themainbodyofacontractLesson7Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则