英语虚拟语气最全讲解

虚拟语气1语气概述在英语中，随着说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度不同，谓语动词就用不同的形式，即称为语气。英语语气有三种：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气表示只存在于讲话人想象中的假设或推测，而不是客观现实中的真实事件。它表示怀疑、忧虑、推测、假设、想象或祝愿等，如Iwishyouweremorecareful.IfIwerenotsobusy,Iwouldgoandhelphim.2虚拟语气在虚拟条件句与结果主句中的谓语动词形式。条件句中的结果主句中的谓语动词谓语动词与现在事实相反动词过去式should/would(be用were)could/might+动词原形与过去事实相反had+过去分词should/would/couldmight+have+过去分词与将来事实可能动词过去式相反should+动词原形should/would/could/were+动词原形might+动词原形注意：1主句中的should通常用于第一人称，would可用于各种人称。根据意义上的需要可用情态动词could,might代替should,would.2条件从句中如果谓语动词是be,其过去式所有人称的单复数都用were,但在口语中，第一人称和第三人称单数可用was代替were.但在ifIwereyou中，必须用were,不能用was代替。3.虚拟语气在条件从句中和结果主句中的用法（1）与现在事实相反时1.I’mverybusynow.IfIhadtime,Iwouldcertainlygotothemovieswithyou.我很忙，如果我有时间，我就当然会与你一起去看电影。（事实上我没有时间，也不能与你一起看电影）2.IfIwereyou,Ishouldgoandseethedentistatonce.如果我是你，我就马上去看牙医。（事实上我不是你，也不会去看牙医）3.Iftherewerenogravity,weshouldnotbeabletowalk.如果没有引力，我们就不能走路。（事实上有引力，我们也能走路。）（2）与过去事实相反1.Ifyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youwouldhavemether.如果你早来几分钟，就会见到她了。（事实上没有早来，也没有见到她）2.IfIhadn’ttakenyouradvice,Iwouldhavemadeabigmistake.(3)与将来事实可能相反1.IfitwereSundaytomorrow,Iwouldgotoseemyfriendthere.2.IfIshoulddoit,Iwoulddoitanotherway.3.IfIweretoseehim,Iwouldspeaktohimaboutit.4.IIdroppedtheglass,itwouldbreak.4省掉if的条件从句结构在书面语中，有时可不用连词if,而把were,had或should移到主语前，形成没有if的条件从句，其意义不变。Ifyouhadinvitedus,weshouldhavecometoyourparty.Hadyouinvitedus,weshouldhavecometoyourparty.Hadyouinvitedus,wewouldhavecometoyourparty.5混合虚拟条件句如果虚拟条件句与结果主语的动作发生的时间不一致，主从句的谓语动词就要根据各自动作发生的时间选用相应的虚拟语气形式，如Ifhehadfollowedthedoctor’sadvice,hewouldbequiteallrightnow.他若当时听医生的话，他现在就痊愈了。HadItakenmyumbrellawithmewhenIcameoutthismorning,Ishouldnotbewetnow.如果我早上出来时带了伞，现在就不会淋湿了。6含蓄虚拟条件句有时虚拟语气不用条件从句，而是通过上下文或用介词短语等表示出来，这种虚拟语气叫含蓄虚拟条件句，如Thegiftstohimwouldhavefilledarailroadfreightcar.(货车）Icouldn’thavelivedthroughChristmaswithoutgivingyouapresent.Burfortheleadershipoftheparty,wewouldnotliveahappylifetoday.Manwoulddiewithoutairandwater.7虚拟语气的其它用法（1）在主语从句中的用法在这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句的谓语动词，常用should＋动词原形，should可省去，但不换为would。主句里谓语动词时态不限，这类句型常用一下三种形式：A.Itis/was+形容词+that…适用于这一句型的常用形容词有：necessary,important,natural,strange,imperative,urgent,essential,probable,better,keen,possible,eager,anxious,unthinkable,astonishing等Itisnecessarythatthequestion(should)besettledatonce.Itseemsincrediblethatheshouldhavefinishedtheworksosoon.Itwasquitenaturalthatheshouldthinkso.B.Itis/was+名词＋that…适用于这一句型的名词常有：apity,ashame,nowonder等，如It’sagreatpitythathe(should)besohardonher.真遗憾，他会对她这样苛刻。It’sashamethatheshouldhavedonesuchathing.C.Itis/was某些动词的过去分词＋that适用于这一句型的动词的过去分词常用：suggested,requested,proposed,desired,ordered,decided等，如：It’srequestedthatMr.Wang(should)giveaperformanceattheparty.Itwasarrangedthattheyshouldleavethefollowingweek.IthasbeendecidedthatthemeetingshouldbepostponedtillnextSaturday.(2)在宾语从句中的用法A.wish后的宾语从句应用虚拟语气，来表示未实现或不大可能实现的愿望。Wish的时态不影像其后宾语从句的时态，引导宾语从句的that可省去，其构成形式如下：主句谓语动词从句谓语动词wish时态谓语动词形式现在式动词过去式（与主句谓语动词同时发生）（be用were/was)过去式（在主句谓语动词之前发生）had+过去分词将来式should/would/might/could+动词原形（在主句谓语动词之前发生）IwishIwere/wasasstrangeasyou.我希望象你一样健壮。HowIwishitwasnotraining!现在如果不下雨多好啊。IwishIrememberedtheaddress.我要是记得地址就好了。Iwishhehadn’tgone.他要是没去该多好。Hewishedyouwouldgoandseehim.他愿你去看看他。Monicawishedshehadn’tcome.莫妮卡愿她没来过。B.某些动词后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，这类动词常用的有demand,suggest,order,insist,propose,request,command,desire,require,ask,move等。其谓语动词形式是(should)+动词原形，如:Irequestedthatyou(should)noteatthemeat.Sheinsistedthattheseats(should)bebookedinadvance.Hesuggestedthatthedoctor(should)besentfor.这类动词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，并不考虑是否与事实相符或相反，或愿望有无实现可能。而只是用（should)+动词原形这种形式。上述suggest,insist等动词后的宾语从句有时根据意义可不用虚拟语气，如：Theboy’slookssuggestedthathewashappytohavegivenhislifeforhiscountry.(suggest表示、表明、暗示之意）Heinsistedthatlimingwasright.他坚持认为黎明是正确的。(3)在状语从句中的用法A.以asif,asthough引起的状语从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句相同，be用were或was，如Theytalked/aretalkingasif/thoughtheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.Hespoketomeasif/thoughIwere/wasdeaf.Sheactedasifshewouldcomeandhelpustomorrow.B.以inorderthat,sothat,that引起的目的状语从句可以用虚拟语气，其谓语动词多用may,might,can,could+动词原形，如果状语从句是否定句，可用should＋动词原形，如Shestayedathomeforafewdayssothatshemight/couldtakecareofhermother.Theteacherspokeslowlyinorderthatthestudentscould/mighthearhimclearly.Shetookataxitothestationsothatsheshouldnotmissthetrain.C.以whatever,whoever,nomatterwhat/who之类代词或词组引起的让步状语从句中用虚拟语气，谓语动词多用may＋动词原形，如Iwon’tletyouinwhoeveryoumaybe.Nomatterwhatyoumaysay,I’mdeterminedtodowhatIthinkisright.Youmustn’tbeproud,howevermuchyoumayhaveachieved.D.以lest,forfearthat,incase引起的从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词多用should+动词原形构成，如Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestitshouldrain.Heputhiscoatoverthesoldierforfearthat/lestheshouldcatchcold.I’llkeepaseatforyouincaseyoushouldchangeyourmind.(4)在表语从句中，主句的主语如果是suggestion,proposal,request,order,idea,advice,demand,necessity,plan,decision等，其后的表语从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用should＋动词原形，Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)plantmoretrees.Myideaisthatwe(should)gowithouthim.Asif/though引导的表语从句中也可用虚拟语气，如：Shelooksasthoughsheweresick.Ifeel/feltasifwehadknowneachotherforyears.但asif/asthough后面的从句的情况如果是可能发生的或被认为是真实的，常用陈述语气，如Hewalksasifheisdrunk(=heisprobablydrunk)