信用证软条款及其风险防范探析

河南科技大学阶段论文题目＿信用证软条款及其风险防范探析＿＿姓名＿＿＿贾高进＿＿＿＿＿院（系）＿＿＿经济学院＿＿＿＿＿专业班级＿＿国贸072＿＿＿＿＿＿指导教师＿＿吴松岭＿＿＿＿＿＿2010年7月6日河南科技大学经济学院国际经济与贸易专业阶段论文I信用证软条款及其风险防范探析摘要信用证的产生是国际贸易支付方式的一次重要变革，这种支付方式首次使不在交货现场的买卖双方在履行合同时处于同等地位，在一定程度上使他们重新找回了一手交钱，一手交货的现场交易所具有的安全感，解决了双方互不信任的矛盾。信用证的这一优越性已使其成为当今国际贸易中最为重要的支付方式，极大地促进了国际贸易的发展。然而信用证的独立性原则以及相关立法不完善，使得信用证在使用过程中不可避免的会出现许多问题，其中“软条款”问题尤为典型。信用证中的软条款常常使得受益人无法依据信用证规定交付单据，获得货款。信用证软条款的存在，损害了信用证受益人的合法权益，严重影响了信用证在国际贸易结算中的地位和作用。本文基于大量研究与案例，通过对信用证软条款的产生原因，内在性质以及表现形式的深入分析，对信用证软条款所涉及的内容进行全面把握，力图寻求一些行之有效的方法来规避软条款带来的风险，同时希望在此研究基础之上能提出一些建议，来弥补信用证这方面的缺陷。另外，在一定程度上也是为了呼吁国际商会能与世界各国一道，通过协商，能够赋予信用证一定的法律效力，进一步巩固和提升信用证在国际贸易中地位。关键词：软条款信用证欺诈防范识别河南科技大学经济学院国际经济与贸易专业阶段论文IITHERESEARCHONRISKESOFSOFTCLAUSESANDPROVENTIONTHEREOFABSTRACTThegenerationofL/Cisaveryimportantinnovationinthepaymentofinterationaltrade.Thiskindofpaymentplacebothofsellerandbuyerintheequalposition,whichmadethemfindthesenseofsafetyjustlikeafacetofacetrade,anddealwithsuccessfullythecontradictionofmutual-distrust.TheadvantageofL/Chasmadeitbecomethemostimportantpaymentintheinternationaltradenowdays,andeffectivelypromotethedevelopmentofinternational.However,theprincipleofindependenceofL/CandtheincompletenessofreleventlegislationcauseslotsoftroubleswhenuseL/C,andthesoftclauseisaremarkableexample.ThesoftclausesinL/CoftenmakebeneficiaryfailtosubmitbillsaccordingtotheprovisionsofL/C,thenleadtolosethepaymentforgoods.Theexistenceofsoftclausesunderminebeneficiary’slegalbenefit,anditalsoinfluencethepositionandfunctionofL/Cintheinternationalsettlement.Thisarticleisbasedonlotsofresearchesandcases,throughdeeplyanalysingtothereasonsofgenerationofsoftclausesanditsinternalessence,atsametime,thisthesishasacomprehensiveunderstandingtotheproblemsinvolvedinsoftclausessothatIcouldfindsomesolutionsotavoidtherisksbroughtbysoftclauses.IntheendofthisarticleIgivesomesuggestionsinthehopethattheycouldmakesomehelptoimprovethefunctionofL/C.Ontheotherhand,IwanttocallonICCandthenationsinthisworldcouldmakejiontefforttoendowL/Cwithsomelegalforce,whichwillbehelpfultoconsolidateandimprovethestatusofL/Cintheinternationaltrade.KEYWORDS:softclause,LetterofCredit,fraud,prevention,identify河南科技大学经济学院国际经济与贸易专业阶段论文III目录前言···········································································································-1-一、信用证软条款的基本概念··········································································-2-二、信用证软条款产生的背景及原因分析···························································-2-（一）信用证软条款产生的背景······························································-2-（二）信用证软条款产生的原因······························································-3-1．内部原因····················································································-3-2．外部原因····················································································-4-三、信用证软条款的性质分析··········································································-4-（一）具有欺诈性质的软条款·································································-4-（二）规避风险性质的软条款·································································-5-四、信用证软条款产生的负面影响分析······························································-5-（一）打击了出口商从事国际贸易的积极性··············································-5-（二）削弱了信用证在国际支付方式中的地位··········································-5-五、信用证软条款的识别与分类·······································································-6-（一）信用证软条款的识别·····································································-6-（二）信用证软条款的分类·····································································-7-六、信用证软条款的风险规避··········································································-8-（一）认真签订货物买卖合同，完善合同各项条款····································-8-（二）对客户进行资信调查·····································································-9-（三）加强信用证的审核工作·································································-9-（四）认真履行信用证中规定的义务···························································-9-（五）外贸企业加强与银行的合作····························································-10-（六）外贸企业应加强专业人才的培养······················································-10-七、完善信用证的几点建议及信用证发展前景展望·············································-11-（一）国际商会应对信用证软条款问题进行明确界定··································-11-（二）统一信用证的格式和统一必须审核的信用证条款·······························-11-结语··········································································································-13-参考文献···································································································-14-河南科技大学经济学院国际经济与贸易专业阶段论文-1-前言信用证这一支付手段，在当今国际贸易中得到了最为广泛的应用，跟单信用证是“国际商业的生命血液”这一恰当的比喻，在国际上得到了广泛的认同。信用证的重要性是不言而喻的，然而信用证软条款的存在严重阻碍了信用证发挥其正常的功能，使得很多出口商因此对信用证望而生畏，不敢轻易采取信用证的结算方式。信用证软条款这一问题已被不少学者进行了研究，然而大部分的研究只限于软条款的识别，分类以及风险防范这些层面，并没能深入分析信用证软条款产生的前因后果，内在性质、法律特征等。另外在信用证软条款的法律效力上还没有形成统一的观点，在遇到软条款引发的贸易纠纷时，往往是临时应对，或根据以往案例进行判决，没有统一的标准和程序来参考和执行。信用证软条款也因此成为出口商和执法机构极难处理的问题。当今世界，国际贸易正在高速发展，国际贸易的支付手段也应适应其发展的需要，进行改进和创新。信用证制度作为最为重要的支付体系应更加趋于规范和统一。这就需要我们对信用证软条款有一个正确和统一的认识。本文从信用证软条款的基本概念，产生背景、性质与法律特征、形式与防范以及与其他问题的联系等方面进行全面分析，希望对了解信用证软条款和完善信用证制度有一定的帮助。