简单句与复合句

简单句与复合句1一简单句句子结构句子功能1主语+不及物动词陈述句2主语+系动词+表语疑问句3主语+及物动词+宾语祈使句4主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语感叹句5主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补6therebe句型（一）陈述句1.肯定句：主语+谓语2.否定句（1）谓语动词是be、have或有助动词和情态动词时，在它们之后直接加notHeisnotastudent.Hehasnotanybooks.Hewillnotgothere.（2）谓语动词为行为动词，无助动词或情态动词，在谓语动词前加do再加not（did、does）Idon’twanttodothat.Hedoesn’tlikethis.（3）其他否定词no,hardly,never,few,little等Hehasnobrothersorsisters.Iwillneverrideahorse.HecanhardlyspeakanEnglishword.（4）两者全部否定Neither或norNeitherofthemknowsFrench.NeitherJohnnorMaryishere.（5）两者部分否定Bothofthemdidn’tattendthemeeting.（6）三者以上全部否定none,nothing,nobody,noone等Noneoftheseanswersisright.Nobodyagreeswithwhatyousaid.（7）三者以上部分否定，all,many,every等加not构成。Notmanypeoplelikemusic.Noteverygirlslikesinginganddancing.Allthesebooksarenotmine.（8）本应在从句中的not被移至主句的谓语动词中，believe，expect,imagine,suppose,think等。Idon’tthinkitwillbeverycoldtoday.Wedon’tbelievethathecandoit.（二）疑问句1.一般疑问句：用Yes,No回答（1）谓语是be或have，将其提前到主语前HaveyouanyEnglishbooks?(DoyouhaveanyEnglishbooks?)Issheateacher?（2）谓语动词是行为动词，将助动词do或情态动词置于主语前Doyouhaveameetingeveryweek?（3）否定式：把be,have或情态动词和not的简略式n’t一起放在句首Isn’tsheadoctor?肯定回答“Yes,sheis.”否定回答“No,sheisn’t”（4）提问的回答可肯定可否定Isthereanythingwrongwithyourpen?提问人预期得到肯定回答Istheresomethingwrongwithyourpen?Didsomeonephonelastnight?2.特殊疑问句：用疑问代词或疑问副词提问，不用Yes或No回答（1）疑问词作主语或主语的定语Whoisintheroom?WhosefatherworksinBeijing?（2）疑问词作句子的宾、状、表语或修饰这三种成分时，“疑问词+一般疑问句”Wheredoyoucomefrom?Whenwillyougo?区别：who（主格）和whom（宾格）Who(Whom)areyoulookingfor?Withwhomdidyouworkyesterday?（3）“Why+一般疑问句否定式”，一般表劝告、建议、责备等。Whydon’tyoucomeearlier?(Whynotcomeearlier?)简单句与复合句23.选择疑问句：用or连接，不用yes、no回答。Doyougotoworkbybusorbybike?Bybus.4.反义疑问句（三）祈使句：表命令、请求、建议，主语常省（1）说话对象是第二人称you，一般省略主语；否定式“Don’t(Never)+动词原形”Getup!Don’tbeafraid.（2）说话对象是第一人称和第三人称，“Let+宾语+动词原形”，否定式：“let+宾语+not+动词原形”或“Don’tlet+宾语+动词原形”Letusgo.let’snotgofishing.Letus（不包括对方），let’s(包括对方)Letusgonow,willyou?(=Pleaseallowustogonow.)Let’sgonow,shallwe?比较：Useyourheadandyouwillfindaway.Usingyourhead,hefoundaway.（四）感叹句：表示快乐、痛苦等强烈感情，用how和what开头1.How开头（1）“How+adj（adv）+主语+谓语”Howbeautifulthefloweris!HowfluentlyhespeaksEnglish!（2）how修饰动词，“How+主语+谓语”Howthewindblows!（3）“How+adj（adv）”（省略主谓）Howinteresting（itis）！2.What开头（1）“what（a）+n”Whatfun！（2）“What（a）+（adj）n+主谓”Whatabeautifulpictureitis!二、复合句：名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句（一）名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。关联词：连接词that，if，whether；疑问代词who，what，which；疑问副词when，where，how，why等1.主语从句：放在主句谓语动词之前，或用it做形式主语，将主语从句放在主句之后Whodidthatisknowntoall.Itisinterestingthatyoulikehim.（1）从属连词引导Thattheearthturnsaroundthesunisknowntoall.Whetherthereislifeonotherplanetsisyetknown.It’snotsureifhewillsucceed.(if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾，whether引导的可放在句首也可句尾)（2）连接代词引导Whatyouneedismorepractice.Whowillgoisnotimportant.Whichteamwillwinthegameisuncertain.WhateverIhavedoneisonlyforyou.（3）连接副词引导Wherethemeetingwillbeheldhasn’tbeendecided.Whenhewillreturnisthemostimportantthing.Whytheyarereducingpricedoesnotmatter.Howeveryoudoitisallrightwithme.（4）it作形式主语A．that引导从句Itmakeseveryonehappythatthegirlisstillalive.ItisimpossiblethatIgoandthemeeting.B.Itisapity,itisashame,itisstrange(surprising),itisnowonder,itisnecessary等结构后的主语从句用虚拟：should+V（should有时可省），表遗憾、惊奇、重要等Itisstrangethatheshouldhavefailedtoseehisownshortcomings.Itisagreatpitythatheshouldbesogreedy.C.由Wh-系列引导的从句也用it作形式主语Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherhe’scomingornot.It’smoretimewhatweneed.Itisstillopentoquestionwhoistoheadthegroup.2.表语从句（1）从属连词引导（if除外）Thefactisthatwearebehindothergroups.Thequestioniswhetherweshouldaskthemforhelp.（2）连接代词引导Chinaisnotwhatitusedtobe.Theproblemiswhowillstay.Whatshewantstoknowiswhichdresssheshouldbuy.（3）连接副词引导Thisiswhereyouarewrong.Thatwashowtheyweredefeated.Thatiswhyheislate.（4）as,asif,asthough,because也可引导表语从句Thingsarenotalwaysastheyseemtobe.Itlooksasifitweregoingtorain.Itisbecauseyoueattoomuch.简单句与复合句33.同位语从句：跟在某些表抽象概念的名词后面，说明名词的具体内容。该类名词有：idea,news,fact,promise,answer,belief,condition,doubt,fear,hope,problem,proof,question.Reply,suggestion,thought,truth等（1）that引导Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.Wemustfacethefactthatwehadspentallthemoney.（2）whether引导Thequestionwhetherweneeditisnotanswered.Heaskedthequestionwhetherthismaterialcanstandhightemperature.（3）when引导Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.I’vegotthenewswhenthenewfilmwillbeonshow.（4）where引导Ihavenoideawherehehasgone.Thesuggestionwhereweshouldbuildournewfactoryshouldbeconsidered.（5）how引导Hecan’tanswerthequestionhowhegotthemoney.Shedidn’ttellthetruthhowshemanagedtogoabroad.4.宾语从句（二）定语从句：修饰n或代词（先行词），引导关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等；关系副词有where,when,why等。1.由who（主语），whom（宾语），whose（定语）引导(若先行词为人，也可用that)Thisisthemanwhohelpedme.Thedoctorwhomyouarelookingforisintheroom.DoyouknowthemanwhosenameisWangYu?Thegirlwho(that)isspeakingatthemeetingisourmonitor.2.which引导（which在从句中作主语或谓语动词或介词的宾语）Thisisthebookwhichyouwant.Thebuildingwhichstandsneartheriverisourschool.Theroominwhichthereisamachineisworkshop.注：A.whom，which作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在which之前，也可放在从句中原来的位置；但在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来位置。Thisisthepersonwhomyouarelookingfor.B.非限定性定语从句中，关系代词用which，不用that。Ihavelostmypen,whichIlikeverymuch.3.由that引导（that可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语的宾语，但不能做介词的宾语）TheletterthatIreceived