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1.每一种药物都有其固有的药理作用特点。如果给药剂量,给药次数,给药途径恰当,大多数病人可以产生预期的药理效应。但对具体的病人来说,药理效应可有一定的甚至是非常明显的差异。病人体质,药物质量,病原微生物,以及各种环境条件都可能影响药物作用。它们可以使药物效应减弱或增强。产生个体差异的主要原因是药物的吸收,分布,生物转化和排泄的差异。要保证每个病人都能达到最大疗效、最小不良反应的治疗目的,单纯根据药理作用选药和用药显然是不够的,还必须掌握影响各种药物的因素,结合病人具体情况,决定适当的治疗方案,并在用药过程中不断根据变化及时适当地作出调整,直至病人痊愈。Eachmedicinehasitsinherentthepharmacologicalfunctioncharacteristics.Iftheadministrationdosage,totherapy,deliverymethodsappropriate,mostpatientscanproducethedesiredpharmacologicaleffect.Buttospecificpatientsfor,pharmacologicaleffectcanhavecertainevenverycleardifferences.Patientsconstitution,drugquality,pathogenicmicrobes,andvariousenvironmentalconditionsmayaffectdruginteractions.Theycanmaketheeffectsofdrugsincreaseordecrease.Produceindividualdifferenceisthemainreasonofthedrugabsorption,distribution,biologicaltransformationandexcretionofdifferences.Toensurethateverypatientcanachievemaximumefficacy,minimumadversereactionoftherapeuticpurposes,pureaccordingtochoosemedicineandpharmacologydrugitisnotenough,stillmustmastertheinfluenceofthefactorsofdifferentdrugs,patientswithspecificsituations,todeterminetheappropriatetreatment,andintheprocessofdruguseintimeaccordingtochangeconstantlyadjustproperly,untilthepatientrecover.2、构成的解决方案干燥固体颗粒从这些正是构成方案准备注射熊的标题形式(药品注射。由于这些剂型构成的保健医生使用,测试和标准制定有关管理的解决方案是不包括在个人专著在固体或液体无菌干精矿。然而,在保证质量的兴趣注射制剂作为他们实际上是管理,以下无损检测提供了展示了合适的解决方案时,他们构成准备之前使用。CONSTITUTEDSOLUTIONSDrysolidsfromwhichconstitutedsolutionsarepreparedforinjectionbeartitlesoftheform[DRUG]forInjection.Sincethesedosageformsareconstitutedatthetimeofusebythehealthcarepractitioner,testsandstandardspertainingtothesolutionasconstitutedforadministrationarenotincludedintheindividualmonographsonsteriledrysolidsorliquidconcentrates.However,intheinterestofassuringthequalityofinjectionpreparationsastheyareactuallyadministered,thefollowingnondestructivetestsareprovidedfordemonstratingthesuitabilityofconstitutedsolutionswhentheyarepreparedjustpriortouse.3.当事人cosponsoring他们对这次会议re-affirmed增加国际协调,旨在保证良好的质量、安全、有效的药物开发,注册于上海最有效率和最经济的方式。这些活动均以消费者的利益和公共卫生,防止不必要的重复的人类临床试验,并尽量避免妨碍使用动物试验没有妥协的规章的义务的安全性和有效性。ThePartiescosponsoringthisConferencere-affirmedtheircommitmenttoincreasedinternationalharmonisation,aimedatensuringthatgoodquality,safeandeffectivemedicinesaredevelopedandregisteredinthemostefficientandcost-effectivemanner.Theseactivitiesarepursuedintheinterestoftheconsumerandpublichealth,topreventunnecessaryduplicationofclinicaltrialsinhumansandtominimisetheuseofanimaltestingwithoutcompromisingtheregulatoryobligationsofsafetyandeffectiveness。4.我很高兴的宣布它将与认证标准开发组织(sdo)关联起来,以便利用发展我e-Inititatives技术标准。这个决定遵循一系列的讨论结果在提高效率的过程,开始我督导委员会会议于2005年5月。另外,可能产生的标准都将会被吸收更多的non-ICH从而提高国家和组织对全球标准。我标准在全球范围内扩大我实现我的标准的视觉的future-development更有效率的过程和均匀性要求增加药物开发全球没有妥协的质量、安全和疗效标准预计由医护人员和病人。ICHispleasedtoannouncethatitwillcollaboratewithaccreditedStandardsDevelopmentOrganizations(SDOs)toleveragethedevelopmentoftechnicalstandardsforICHe-Inititatives.ThisdecisionfollowstheoutcomeofaseriesofdiscussionsonimprovingtheefficiencyoftheICHprocessthatstartedattheSteeringCommitteemeetinginMay,2005.Additionallyitislikelythattheresultingstandardswouldbetakenupbymanymorenon-ICHcountriesandorganizationstherebyelevatingICHstandardstoglobalstandards.ExpandingICHstandardsgloballywouldfulfillICH’svisionofthefuture—developmentofmoreefficientprocessesandincreaseduniformityofdrugdevelopmentrequirementsgloballywithoutcompromisingthequality,safety,andefficacystandardsexpectedbypractitionersandpatients.5.在美国所有的新药必须要得到联邦食品与药品管理局的批准才能上市。所有药物都会有潜在的不良反应,所以,只有当某种药物的益处大于其风险时,它才有可能被批准上市。但是,对新药审批的检查需要很长时间,因此联邦食品与药品管理局在1987年出台一项规定,允许在一些有价值的试验期间药物用于危重病人。同时他们也警告说若不经有经验的临床医生评估病情而随便使用这种尚未被批准的药物,对这些患者反而有害无益。总之,即使是实验期间药品也必须符合某个益处风险比例才可试用。IntheUnitedStatesallthedrugmusttogetthefederalfoodanddrugadministrationapprovaltomarket.Alldrugscanhavepotentialadverseeffects,therefore,onlywhenacertaindrugbenefitsoutweightherisks,itislikelytobeapprovedonthemarket.But,theexaminationandapprovalofnewdruginspectionneedsalongtime,sothefederalfoodanddrugadministrationin1987issuedaregulation,allowedinsomevaluableduringthetestsofdrugsforcriticallyillpatient.Atthesametimetheyalsowarnedthatifnotthroughexperiencedclinicaldoctorsestimatetousethisillnessandhasnotyetbeenapproveddrugs,thepatientsbutharmful.Allinall,evenduringthedrugalsomustcomplywithagoodriskproportiontothetrial.6.本世纪60年代开始,美国国会赋予食品与药物管理局监督处方药广告的权力。但有关药品及生物制品广告及宣传的规定在数量上很有限。书面规定的短缺使FDA能够随时改变其政策及行为而不必对公众说明情况。制药业、广告商及推广商对这种状况深表关注。他们认为在目前这种竞争激烈及信息密集的环境下,制定有关他们所关心的问题的法规应该经过正式的行政程序,并且这个程序应给予任何公司和个人对此项规定作出评论及请求改变的机会。目前的情况是这些公司必须去遵守一些不成文的政策,而且这些政策的实施也没有公开,这就使整个制药业都处于不利状态。因此,他们急切期望曰叭在药物广告及宣传的规定及实施上有所改进。Sincethe's,theUnitedStatescongressgrantedthefoodanddrugadministrationsupervisionandprescriptiondrugadvertisingpower.Butaboutthedrugsandbiologicalproductsadvertisingandpublicityofprovisionsinthenumberisverylimited.StipulatedinwritingtheshortageofFDAcanchangeitspoliciesandactionstothepublicanddon'thavetoexplain.Thepharmaceuticalindustry,advertisersandpromoteraredeeplyconcernedaboutthesituation.Theythinkthatinthecurrent
本文标题:药学英语翻译
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