耶鲁大学开放课程—哲学：死亡.03.Open.Yale.course—Philosophy：Deat

本字幕由YYeTs人人影视翻译制作更多美剧字幕请登陆围绕着人是什么Weweretalkingabouttwomainpositions翻译：gaofei_828phonex53金研Cmmmleave校对监制：柠檬meg幻影飞梁良我们探讨了两种观点withregardtothequestion,Whatisaperson?一种是二元论的观点{\c上堂课上我们用了很长的时间来介绍它that'stheviewthatwespentafairbitoftimesketchinglastmeeting.二元论认为Thedualistview,人是由肉体和灵魂两部分组成accordingtowhichapersonisabodyandasoul.或者严格地说来Orperhaps,strictlyspeaking,我们可以表达为whatweshouldsayis灵魂是人最本质的部分theonlypartthat'sessentialtothepersonisthesoul,尽管它和肉体间保持着密切的联系thoughit'sgotaratherintimateconnectiontoaparticularbody.这是二元论的观点That'sthedualistview.与之相对的是物理主义的观点Incontrasttothat,we'vegotthephysicalistview,认为人只有肉体accordingtowhichtherearejustbodies.换句话说一个人就是一具肉体Apersonisjustabody,aswemightputit.但问题的中心Now,thecrucialpointhere,即我在上次结课前谈到的关键点thepointIwasturningtoasweendedlasttime,在于尽管从物理主义的角度来看人只是肉体isthatalthoughapersononthephysicalistviewisjustabody,但并不是普通的肉体apersonisn'tjustanyoldbody.人是拥有一套特定能力的肉体Apersonisabodythathasacertainsetofabilities,人人影视他有理性可以规划可以感知thatarerational,thatcanplan,thatcanfeelthings,有创新等各种能力thatcanbecreative,andsoforthandsoon.我们可以探究一下Now,wemightargueabout人具体有哪些能力what'stheexactbestlistofthoseabilities.但鉴于课程的目的Forourpurposes,这点并不在我们的讨论重点之内Ithinkthatwon'tbecrucial,所以我也许偶尔会提及人的这些能力andsoI'llsometimestalkaboutthissetofabilities但并不会把它们详尽地列举出来withoutactuallyhavingacanonicallist.只是把它们视为人具备的能力Justthinkofthemasthesetofabilitiesthatpeoplehave,作为人有别于粉笔收音机thethingsthatwecandothatotherphysicalobjects--chalk,radios,汽车等其他物体的能力cars--thosethingscan'tdo.这些能力使得我们成为人Callthosetheabilitiesthatmakesomethingaperson.用专业术语来说Tojustintroduceapieceofjargon,我们可以称那些能力为P能力P代表人wecouldcallthosethePabilities,Pforperson.或者我们还可以探讨更多的表达方式Orwecouldtalkaboutthevariouskindsofways--但以下是物理主义的观点thisisthephysicalistwayofthinkingaboutit--物理主义认为人只是accordingtothephysicalist,apersonisjustabody一具拥有实现各种P能力的肉体thathastheabilitytofulfillthevariousPfunctions.我们可以把人视为拥有P能力的肉体Andwecantalk,then,aboutapersonasaP-functioningbody.或者我们可以说Orwecouldsaythat人就是具有人类能力的肉体apersonisabodythatisP-functioning.要理解这个观点最为重要的是It'simportanttoseethattheideais,这里的肉体不是随随便便的肉体althoughit'sabody,it'snotjustanyoldbody.事实上它也不完全是人类的躯体Indeed,it'snotjustanyoldhumanbody.毕竟你拔出枪Afterall,ifyouripoutyourgun,击中我的心脏我失血而亡shootmeintheheart,Ibleedtodeath,我还是保持着肉体的形式westillhaveahumanbodyinfrontofus.但这不是具有人类能力的肉体Butwedon'thaveaP-functioningbody.不是那个可以思考Wedon'thaveabodythat'sabletothink,可以规划abodythat'sabletoplan,可以相互交流有创造力有目标的肉体tocommunicate,tobecreative,tohavegoals.所以说关键是Sothecrucialthingabout人拥有一个具有人类能力的肉体havingapersonishavingaP-functioningbody.那么这个观点又是如何定义心灵的呢Now,what'samindonthisview?在物理主义看来Onthephysicalistview,对心灵的探讨是完全合理的it'sstillperfectlylegitimatetotalkaboutminds.从物理主义的角度出发Thepoint,though,isthatfromthephysicalistperspective,用最确切的语言加以表达thebestthingtosayis,心灵是表述talkaboutamindisawayoftalking肉体各种精神能力的方式aboutthesevariousmentalabilitiesofthebody.我们给它起了个名字称它为心灵Wenominalizeit.Wetalkaboutitusinganoun,themind.但是心灵Buttalkofthemindis仅仅是在肉体还能正常工作时justawayoftalkingabouttheseabilities对这些精神能力的一种表述thatthebodyhaswhenit'sfunctioningproperly.这和探讨微笑很相似Thisissimilar,let'ssay,totalkingaboutasmile.我们相信微笑是存在的Webelievethattherearesmiles.物理主义者们不否认心灵的存在Physicalistsdon'tdenythatthereareminds.正如我们不否认笑的存在Justlikewedon'tdeny,weallbelieve,thattherearesmiles.但是笑究竟是什么Butwhatisasmile?笑就是我们表达Well,asmileisjustawayoftalkingabout肉体某项能力的一种方式theabilityofthebodytodosomething.这种特有的Thischaracteristicthing咧嘴露齿的动作wedowithourlipsexposingourteethandsoforth.这就是笑It'sasmile,一个相当呆气的笑但也仍然是笑aratherdorkysmile,butthere'sasmile.如果要罗列完成这个动作牵涉到的身体部位Now,ifyouwerelistingthepartsofthebody,你也许会列举牙齿嘴唇youwouldlisttheteeth,youwouldlistthelips,你会列举牙龈舌头youwouldlistthegums,youwouldlistthetongue,但你不会列举出笑butyouwouldn'tlistthesmile.那么我们是否该像二元论者一样宣称So,shouldweconclude,asdualists,笑是某种与肉体有着某种thatsmilesaretheseextranonphysicalthings特殊紧密联系的非物质呢thathaveaspecialintimaterelationshipwithbodies?你当然可以那样想Well,youcouldimagineaviewlikethat,不过那是一个相当愚蠢的看法butitwouldberatherasillyview.用笑作举例只是想说明Talkaboutasmileisjustawayoftalkingabout肉体具有笑的能力thebody'sabilitytosmile.并无其他There'snoextrapart.即使我们有笑容这个名词Eventhoughwehaveanoun,thesmile,如果你不够谨慎可能会想当然地认为thatifyou'renotcarefulmightlullyouintothinking一定存在着笑容这一事物theremustbeathing,thesmile.随即你便会陷入一堆形而上学的谜团中去Andthenyou'dhaveallthesemetaphysicalconundrums.笑到底在哪里Whereisthesmilelocated?它好像在嘴的附近Itseemstobeinthevicinityofthemouth.但是笑不是嘴唇Butthesmileisn'tthelips.笑也不是牙齿Thesmileisn'ttheteeth.那么它一定是某种无形的东西Soitmustbesomethingnonphysical.以上只是一种对笑的愚蠢思考No,thatwouldjustbeasillywaytothinkaboutsmiles.我们会谈到笑只是为了表达Talkofsmilesisjustawayoftalkingabout肉体具有笑的能力theabilityofthebodytosmile,能够微笑toformasmile.这是我们肉体都拥有的能力That'sanabilitythatwehave,ourbodieshave.相似地物理主义观点认为Similarly,then,accordingtothephysicalist,心灵即便这个名词的确存在talkofthemind,despitethefactthatwehaveanounthere,只是我们表达isjustawayoftalkingabouttheabilities肉体各种行为能力的一种方式ofthebodytodovariousthings.心灵只是我们用来表达Themindisjustawayoftalking