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中南大学肿瘤研究所博士英语课后翻译内部资料版有所权Unit11.“Equalitybetweenwomenandmenisnolongeranegotiableissue.”….“Aslongaswomenremainunequal,theycannothaveaccesstoresources,theycanneverparticipateinpoliticaldecision-making,theycannotmaketheirchoicesinlife.Thatisthebottomline.”MrsMongellasayswomenroundtheworldearallconcernedaboutequality.Indevelopingcountries,instatesemergingasindustrialpowers,inthecountriesofwest,womenarelookingforaction,actionshesometimescallsarevolution.男女平等已不是什么可以商讨的问题。只要妇女仍处於不平等的地位,他们就得不到各种资源,永远无法参加政治决策,甚至在生活中都不能做出自己的选择。这就是底线。Mongella夫人说全世界的女人都关心平等问题。无论是发展中国家,正在成为工业国的国家,还是西方国家,妇女都希望采取行动,她有时称之为革命。2.一些妇女认为牺牲一个女婴可以确保下次怀孕生个儿子。Somewomenbelievethatsacrificingafemaleinfantguaranteesasoninthenextpregnancy.3.对于许多母亲来说,亲自宣判女儿的死刑,胜过判定女儿一辈子遭受歧视忍受贫困。Formanymothers,sentencingadaughtertodeathisbetterthancondemninghertolifewithcradle-to-gravediscriminationandpoverty4.城市妇女可以根据胎儿性别选择堕胎,因为他们更容易有机会享用现代医学技术。Inurbanareas,easieraccesstomodernmedicaltechnologyenableswomentoundergosex-selectiveabortions5.在印度,一个年轻女子只是被看成是她出生家庭的临时成员,而且对这个家庭的财力是极大的消耗。InIndia,ayoungwomenisregardedasatemporarymemberofhernaturalfamilyandadrainonitswealth6.烧柴做饭的女人一天吸入的致癌物质相当于每天抽20包烟。Thosewomenwhousewoodfuelsincookinginhalecarcinogenicpollutantsthataretheequivalentofsmoking20packsofcigarettesaday7.妇女的健康需求过去常常被忽视,或者被认为和男人的相同。去年开罗的大会上一致认为不安全的流产,应该是整个医疗保健中要注意的一个方面。多次会议都承认,必须理解妇女有特殊的健康需求,妇女应充分获得足够的医疗卫生服务。Women’shealthneedshaveinthepastoftenbeenoverlooked,orassumedtobethesameasman’s.AtCairoconferencelastyearitwasagreedthattheconsequenceofunsafeabortionsarepartofoverallhealthcare.Theconferencesrecognizethatwomenhavespecifichealthneedswhichmustbeunderstood,andthatwomenmusthavefullaccesstoadequatehealth-careservices.Unit21.In1993nationalsurveyof50,000juniorandseniorhighschoolstudentsrevealedamarkedincreaseinmarijuanauseamonghighschoolstudents.Oneoftheresearchersnoted,wehavetheunenviableroleofinformingthecountrythatdrugusearemakingacomeback,thattheepidemiccouldbere-emerging.Thisincreaseintheuseofmarijuanaonthepartofteenagersissignificantbecauseofsomeofthisyoungpeople,potwillbecomeagatewaydrug,thatis,arelativelymildorsoftmind-alteringsubstancethatleadtotheingestionmorepowerfuldrugs.SubstanceabuseexpertHerbertKlebernotes,ifyouusedmarijuanalessthan10timesthelikelihoodofusecocainewaspracticallynil.Butifyouusedmarijuanamorethan100times,ortwiceaweekforayear,thelikelihoodofusingcocainewentup70percent.1993年国家对5万名初中高中生进行的调查显示中学生中吸食大麻的人数明显上升。一个研究人员陈述说,我们肩负一个不值得羡慕的责任,要让全国人民了解到吸食毒品现象正在回潮,这一流行病有可能重新出现。就青少年这方面而言,吸食大麻的这种上升是值得注意的。因为对一些年轻人来说,大麻会成为一种入门毒品,即,这种相当温醇和轻微改变意识的物质会导致吸食更具效力的毒品。专门从事毒品滥用研究的专家HerbertKleber说,你如果吸食大麻少于10次,吸食可卡因的可能性实际上为零。但是,如果你吸食大麻超过100次,或者说一年里每周两次,那么吸食可卡因的可能性就中南大学肿瘤研究所博士英语课后翻译内部资料版有所权上升到70%。2.如果你到医院去,你会见到病人在做手术前吸止痛药Ifyougotoahospital,youwillfindthatpatientsusuallysnortpain-killingmedicinebeforeanoperation3.那个议员在她的政党里是一股很强的势力,所以她今年很可能赢得今年的那个席位Sincethesenatorisapotentforceinherpoliticalparty,sheismostsurelytowintheplacethisyear4.自从他得知了事实真相以来,他就一直寻找机会为被谋杀的兄弟报仇Hehasbeenseekingvengeanceforthemurderofhisbrothersincehewastoldofthefact5.在较长的节假日周末,死亡人数会因为车祸上升Onlongholidaysweekendsthereisalwaysraiseinthenumberoffatalitiesduetoautoaccidents6.你在中学度过的那段时间是你受教育的一个重要时期Thetimeyouspentinhighschoolisanimportantphaseofyoureducation7.然而,我应该指出的是在医学和科学研究领域里,实际上在进行认真的,并且是有价值与毒品有关的工作。但是,在对毒品政策进行大规模的讨论中,学术界和知识界的来说没有提出什么好办法,提出的办法也很少真正有用。Ishouldpointout,however,thatinthefieldofmedicalandscientificresearch,thereisindeedseriousandvaluabledrug-relatedworkgoingon.Butinthegreatpublicpolicydebateoverdrugs,theacademicandintellectualcommunitieshavebyandlargehadlittletocontribute,andlittleofthathasbeengenuinelyuseful.Unit31.Theprimacyofgenesalsoassumesthatgenesactontheirown.Howdotheyknowwhentoturnonandoffthesynthesisofparticularproteins?Ifyouviewgenesasautonomous,theansweristhattheyjustknow.Noonetellsagenewhattodo;instead,thatbucksstartandstopthere.However,thatviewisfarfromaccuratetoo.WithinthestaggeringlylongsequencesofDNA,itturnsoutthatonlyatinypercentageoflettersactuallyformthewordsthatconstitutegenesandserveascodeforproteins.Morethan95percentofDNA,instead,isnon-coding.MuchofDNAsimpleconstituteonandoffswitchesforregulatingtheactivityofgenes.It’slikeyouhavea100-pagebook,and95ofthepagesareinstructionsandadviceforreadingtheotherfivepages.Thus,genesdon’tindependentlydeterminewhenproteinsaresynthesized.Theyfollowinstructionsoriginatingsomewhereelse.Whatregulatesthoseswitches?Insomeinstances,chemicalmessengersfromotherpartsofthecell.Inothercases,messengersfromothercellsinthebody(thisisthewaymanyhormoneswork).And,critical,instillothercases,genesareturnedonoroffbyenvironmentalfactors.Asacrudeexample,somecarcinogensworkbygettingintocells,bindingtooneofthoseDNAswitchesandturningongenesthatcausetheuncontrolledgrowththatconstitutescancer.基因至上论还认为基因可自发作用。基因如何知道何时开始和结束某些蛋白质的合成呢?如果你将基因看成是自发作用的,那么结论就是基因自己知道如何行事。没有人告诉基因应该怎么做;换而言之,他们自主行事。但是,这种观点也远非正确。结果证实,在长得惊人的DNA链中,事实上只有很小一部分字母组成了构成基因的词汇并充当蛋白质的密码。95%以上的DNA只是构成了调节基因活动的开关。这就像你有一本100页的书,其中有95页是关于如何阅读另外5页的指示和建议。因此,基因不是独立地决定什么时候合成蛋白质的。他们需要根据来自外部的指示行事。那么是什么调节这些开关呢?有些时候,是
本文标题:博士课后英语翻译习题
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