焦化行业大气环境风险评价体系及应用的研究

硕士学位论文焦化行业大气环境风险评价体系及应用的研究STUDYONSYSTEMANDAPPLICATIONOFATMOSPHEREENVIRONMENTALRISKASSESSMENTOFCOKINGINDUSTRY齐志宁哈尔滨工业大学2010年6月国内图书分类号：X823.4学校代码：10213国际图书分类号：628密级：公开工学硕士学位论文焦化行业大气环境风险评价体系及应用的研究硕士研究生：齐志宁导师：孟宪林副教授申请学位：工学硕士学科：环境科学与工程所在单位：市政环境工程学院答辩日期：2010年6月授予学位单位：哈尔滨工业大学ClassifiedIndex:X820.4U.D.C:628DissertationfortheMasterDegreeinEngineeringSTUDYONSYSTEMANDAPPLICATIONOFATMOSPHEREENVIRONMENTALRISKASSESSMENTOFCOKINGINDUSTRYCandidate：QizhiningSupervisor：AssociateProf.MengXianlinAcademicDegreeAppliedfor：MasterofEngineeringSpeciality：EnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringAffiliation：SchoolofMunicipalandEnvironmentalEngineeringDateofDefence：June,2010Degree-Conferring-Institution：HarbinInstituteofTechnology哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文-I-摘要焦化行业是将有机物质碳化变焦产生的化学产品经过回收、加工提取焦油、氨、萘、硫化氢等产品，并获得净焦炉煤气、煤焦油等的一类重要工业，它是煤炭化工的基础、先导和关键。在我国缺油富煤的资源禀赋和能源需求增长的条件下，发展焦化工业显得愈趋重要。但由于焦化企业生产过程是在高温高压条件下进行，而且涉及的易燃、易爆、毒性较强的物质种类较多，使得该行业普遍存在着爆炸、火灾、毒物泄露等环境风险问题。因此，开展焦化行业环境风险评价，降低环境事故风险，减少环境风险损失，就成为需要迫切解决的问题。本文以焦化行业大气环境风险评价方法研究为核心，结合焦化行业风险的特点，进行了如下探讨：首先，结合焦化行业的行业特征，对焦化行业的各类风险及风险特征进行了辨识，结果表明，焦化行业存在火灾、爆炸、泄露、有毒有害物质释放至大气或泄漏至水体而造成环境灾难等几种类型，在此基础上建立了与其对应的焦化行业的环境风险评价流程，构建了适于其应用的环境风险评价体系。其次，针对焦化行业典型工艺进行了环境风险评价研究。采用了从风险识别开始然后进行源项分析、后果计算到最后的风险分析与表征的技术路线，详细分析了焦化行业常见的几类风险类型及其发生的原因。结果表明泄漏风险为焦化项目的主要事故类型，主要危险物质有甲醇、一氧化碳、氨气、硫化氢、粗苯、BaP等。主要来源于荒煤气放散、苯、氨及焦油等泄漏。荒煤气放散事故的最大发生概率为3次/10年；苯类物质泄漏事故概率大约为1×10-5。最后，结合某典型煤城焦化实际运行项目与规划项目，开展了环境风险实例分析。结果表明，研究区域内苯并芘的个人风险值较躯体毒物质的健康风险值大的多，其中焦化项目场地内的风险值达1.25×10-7/a，尽管该风险值小于最大可接受水平1×10-6/a，但其风险值比其它区域的风险值高很多。对于该焦化区新上的焦化项目在正常工况下，距离焦化炉一定范围内存在着导致癌症发生的风险；特别是距离焦化炉比较近的800m范围内的区域，致癌健康风险的概率比远离焦化炉影响范围的区域大；在不利气象条件下，发生癌症的几率高于有风气象条件；焦化厂区周围苯并芘含量与当地主导风向具有一定的相关性，因此合理规划焦化产业布局，保证一定的卫生防护距离可以明显降低致癌发病的概率。关键词：焦化行业；大气环境；风险评价；健康风险评价哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文-II-AbstractCokingindustrywhichistheprocessoforganicmattercarbonzoom(inthehightemperaturecarbonizationofcoalcarbonizationfinger)isthefoundation,precursorandkeypointofcoalchemicalindustry,andchemicalproductsgeneratedinthecokingprocessthroughrecyclingandprocessingextracttar,ammonia,naphthalene,hydrogensulfideandotherproducts,andgetthenetcokeovengas,coaltar,etc.Whereas,ourcountryislackofoil,naturalgasandrichofcoal,soithasbecomeahotissuetodevelopcokingindustryconcerningtheincreasingdemandforenergy.However,thereexistsomeenvironmentalriskssuchasfire,blast,toxicleakageinthisindustrybecausehightemperatureandpressuremustbeappliedwhencoalisgasified,anditsproductshavecharactersofcombustibleness,explosivenessandhightoxicity,alsothepotentialrisksarecausedbytransportingandstoringhugesumofthoseproducts,therefore,inordertoreduceenvironmentalaccidentriskandlossofenvironmentalrisk,itistherighttimetolaunchenvironmentalriskassessmentincokingindustry.Inthispaper,thecoreisthestudyonthewayofatmosphereenvironmentalriskassessmentofcokingindustry,combinedwiththecharacteristicsoftheriskofcokingindustry.Themainconclusionsofthispaperarelistedasfollow:Firstly,combingthefeaturesofthecokingindustry,varioustypesofriskcharacteristicswereidentified.Resultsshowthattherearefire,explosion,leakageandHazardousSubstancesreleasetotheatmosphereorthebodyofwater.Onthatbasis,environmentalriskassessmentprocedureofcokingindustrywasbuiltwhichwasapplicabletoenvironmentalriskassessmentsystem.Secondly,theenvironmentalriskassessmentofaTypicalProcesscokingindustrywasresearched.AdoptingtheTechnicalmethodstartingfromriskidentification,sourceanalysis,resultscalculationtofinalriskanalysisandcharacterization,severaltypesofrisksinthecokingindustrywereanalyzedindetail.Resultsshowedthatleakagewasthemainriskofthecokingindustryandthemainrisksubstancesweremethanol,carbonmonoxide,ammonia,hydrogensulfide,benzeneandBaPwhichcomefromrawgas,benzene,ammoniaandtar,etc.Thebiggestaccidentprobabilityofrawgasleakagewas3times/yearcomparingtobenzenewhichwas1×10-5.哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文-III-Finallyadoptingatypicalcokingproject,environmentalriskanalysiswascarriedout.Resultsshowthatthevalueofthepersonalriskofpyrenewasmuchhigherthanthetoxicsubstancesofthebody.Withintheresearchtheriskvalueofthecokingprojectwas1.25×10-7/a.Althoughtheriskvaluewaslessthatthemaximumacceptablelevelwhichwas1×10-6/a,theriskvaluewasmuchhigherthanthatofotherregions.Forthenewcokingprojectofthatregion,therewasriskofcancerroundthecokeovenundernormalconditionparticularlywithin800mofthecokingfurnace.Underadverseweatherconditions,cancerriskwasmuchhigherthanthatunderwindconditions.Therewascertainrelevancebetweenthebenzopyreneroundthecokingplantandthelocaldominantwinddirection.Therefore,reasonablelayoutplanningofthecokingplantcouldsignificantlyreducetheriskofcancer.Keywords:Cokingindustry;AtmosphericEnvironment;RiskAssessment;Healthriskassessment,哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文-IV-目录摘要.................................................................................................................................IAbstract............................................................................................................................II第1章绪论....................................................................................................................11.1课题背景及研究的目的