现代英语词汇学概论chapter7

SENSERELATIONSBETWEENWORDSChapterVII1•Wordsarearbitrarysymbolsandindependentidentitiessofarastheirouterfacet---spellingandpronunciation,isconcerned.Butsemantically,allwordsarerelatedinonewayoranother.Awordwhichisrelatedtootherwordsisrelatedtotheminsense,hencesenserelations.•Moreover,thediscussionwillalsocoversemanticfield,whichiscommonlyfelttobeanintegralpartofsenserelations2•Adogisananimalthatthinksit'shuman;•Ahumanisananimalthatthinksit'snotananimal;•Therefore,adogisananimalthatthinksit'sananimalthatthinksit'snotananimal.3•Senserelations–Polysemy–Homonymy(同形异义关系/同音异义关系/同音同形异义关系)•HomophonesHomographsPerfecthomonyms–Synonymy同义关系synonym同义词•semanticsimilarity–Antonymy反义关系antomym反义词•semanticopposition–Hyponymy上下义关系•semanticinclusion4Synonymy•Synonymyisarelationshipof‘samenessofmeaning’thatmayholdbetweentwowords.•Synonym:awordthatmeansthesameasanother.–Orexactlyoneoftwoormorewordswhichhavethesameorverynearlythesameessentialmeaning.5TypesofSynonyms•Synonymscanbeclassifiedintotwomajorgroups:absolute/completesynonymsandrelativesynonyms.•1)absolute/completesynonyms,alsoknownascompletesynonymsarewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects,i.e.bothingrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning,includingconceptualandassociativemeanings.–Rare,non-existent–Absolutesynonymsarerestrictedtohighlyspecializedvocabulary,suchasscarlet-fever/scarlatinainmedicine,6•2)Relativesynonyms,alsocallednear-synonyms,aresimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.–E.g.:change/alter/vary•change:toputanotherthinginitsplace•alter:tomakeitdifferentfromwhichitwasbefore•vary:toalteritindifferentmannerandatdifferenttimesAmanchangeshishabits,altershisconduct,andvarieshismannerofspeaking–7•Relativesynonymsmaybedifferentinthefollowingaspects:–Indegreeofagivenqualityorinshadeofmeaning;–Inaffectivemeaning,andstylisticmeaning;–Incollocationanddistribution;–Somesetsofsynonymsbelongtodifferentdialectsofthelanguage8•SourcesofSynonyms•1)Borrowing–“therichnessofEnglishinsynonymsislargelyduetothehappyminglingofLatin,Frenchandnativeelements.”(Baugh,1978)•NativeFrenchLatin•askquestioninterrogate•fastfirmsecure•2)DialectsandregionalEnglish•railway(BrE)railroad(AmE)•3)Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords•occupation(profession)walkoflife(fig)•4)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions•decidemakeupone’smind9DiscriminationofSynonyms•Thedifferencesbetweensynonymsboildowntothreeareas:denotation,connotation,andapplication.–1)Differenceindenotation•Synonymsmaydifferintherangeandintensityofmeaning.Somewordshaveawiderrangeofmeaningthanothers.–comprehend/understand–extend/increase/expand–laugh:chortle,chuckle,giggle,guffaw,snicker/snigger,titter10–2)Differenceinconnotation.•Byconnotation,wemeanthestylisticandemotivecoloringofwords.Somewordssharethesamedenotationbutdifferintheirstylistic(emotional)appropriateness.–unlike/dissimilarhomely/domestic–Lookatthatlovelylittleboy.–Lookatthatsmallboy.–Lookatthattinyboy.–3)Differenceinapplication.•Manywordsaresynonymousinmeaningbutdifferentinusageinsimple11–3)Differenceinapplication•Manywordsaresynonymousinmeaningbutdifferentinusageinsimpleterms.Theyformdifferentcollocationsandfitintodifferentsentencepatterns(distribution:pre-orpost-modifier).–empty(box,street,room),vacant(seat,chair,apartment),blank(check,ablanksheetofpaper)–accuse….of,charge…with,rebuke…for,reproach…with/for12•Discriminationofsynonyms–Thelosingteamwasfromfurthercompetition.–Firefightersabigfire.–Themeetinghasbeenbecauseoftheflu.–Thegovernmentthetaxonalcohol.abolish,cancel,extinguish,eliminateextinguishedeliminatedcancelledabolishedExercises13–Itistojudgeaforeigncultureonlybyitsfood.–Therewasanideathattheearthwasflatandmotionless.–Youwereverytotrusthim.–Thebosshimstronglyforhisnegligence–Thepolicehimoftheft.–Thepolicehimwithmurder.absurd,ridiculous,sillyridiculousabsurdsillyaccuse,charge,rebukerebukedaccusedcharged14•Antonymy•Antonomyisconcernedwithsemanticopposition.Antonymscanbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.Thereareavarietyof‘oppositeness’.antonymscanbeclassifiedonthebasisofA.semanticcontrastB.morphologicalstructure15typesofantonyms•Morphologicalclassification•rootantonyms•derivationalantonyms•Semanticclassification•Contraries/Gradable相对反义词•Complementaries互补反义词•Conversives换位反义词16A.antonymsclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticcontrast–Contraries–Complementaries–Coversives17•a)Contraries/gradableantonyms(相对反义词)–Antonymsofthistypearebestviewedintermsofascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.Thetwooppositesaregradable.•hot,warm,cool,cold•beautiful,pretty,good-looking,plain,ugly•old-young,open-close,big-small,poor-rich•18•b)Complementaries(绝对反义词/互补反义词)–Theseantonymstrulyrepresentoppositeness.Theyaresoopposedtoeachotherthattheyaremutuallyexclusiveandadmitnopossibilitybetweenthem(non-gradable).–Theassertionofoneisthedenialoftheother.•dead-alive,present-absent,male-female,true-false,approval-disapproval,capable-incapable•Prefixes:dis-,in-,il-,ir-,im-,un-……19ababgradablecomplementarycontrarycontradictory20•c)Conversives(换位反