Walt-Whitman惠特曼

•PartIIITheRomanticPeriod•WaltWhitman(1819-1892)•WhitmanwasoneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanliterature.•LeavesofGrassiscalledthefirstcollectionoftrulymodernpoetryandAmerica'sfirstgenuineepicpoem•Thepoeticstylehedevisedisnowcalledfreeverse.•I.Lifeintroduction•II.Majorworks•III.Appreciationofhispoems•IV.EvaluationofWhitman•I.Lifeintroduction•1.Familybackground:•---BornonafarminLongIsland,NewYork;Oneoftheninechildren;hisfatherwasacarpenterandfarmer;•2.Earlyyears:•---MovingtoBrooklynattheage4，wherehereceived5-yearschooling(1825-1830)•---Earningalivingasofficeboy(勤杂员),printer’sdevil(印刷所学徒),compositor(排字工人)，andcountryschoolmaster（小学教师）•GeographicalNotes:1.FivedistrictsofNewYork:Manhattan,Brooklyn,Bronx,Queens,andRichmond2.LongIsland:thelongislandonwhosewestendarelocatedtheBrooklynandQueens•3.Newspapermanyears:•---Editinghisownweeklynewspaper,TheLongIslanderin1838•---SuccessivelyeditingAurora《曙光》,EveningTatler;•---WritingforDemocraticReview,BrooklynEveningStar,andLongIslandStar.•---Culminationofjournalism:•theeditoroftheBrooklynEagle,oneoftheleadingpapersintheeast.•4.Devotiontohismonumentalpoems:LeavesofGrass1)Firstedition:1855---Only12poemsinit,butitmarkedthebirthoftrulyAmericanpoetry;2)Secondedition:1856,with20morepoems;3)Thirdedition:1860,morethan100poemsadded;4)Fourthedition:1867;5)Fifthedition:1871;•6)Sixthedition:1875,Centennialedition(百年版)•7)Seventhedition:1881;•8)Eighthedition:1882;•9)Lastedition:1892,signedonhisdeathbed;AlsocalledDeathbededition(临终版),with400-oddpoems.II.Majorworks•1.Collectionsofpoemsandprose:•---LeavesofGrass《草叶集》—nineeditions•---DrumTaps(1865)《桴鼓集》—aboutcivilwar•---DemocraticVistas(1870)《民主前景》---collectionofprose,penetratingcommentaryonAmericandemocracyandliterature.2.Representativepoems:•“SongofMyself”《自我之歌》•“O,Captain!MyCaptain!”《啊！船长，我的船长》:eulogizingPresidentLincoln•“WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom’d”《当紫丁香上次在庭院中开放的时候》memorizingPresidentLincoln•“IHearAmericaSinging”《我听见美洲在歌唱》---presentinganimageofAmerica,proudandhealthyindividualistsengagedinproductiveandhappylabor.•3.Style•Whitmanwasadaringexperimentalist.a.TheuseofthepoeticI.SpeakinginthevoiceofI,Whitmanbecomesallthosepeopleinhispoems,andyetremainsWaltWhitman,henceadiscoveryoftheselfintheotherwithsuchidentification.b.Theuseoffreeverse.Whitmanbrokefreefromthetraditionaliambicpentameterandwrotefreeverse.Freeverseispoetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.Alooserandmoreopen-endedsyntacticalstructureisfrequentlyfavored.c.Theuseofparallelismandphoneticrecurrence.d.Theuseofcolorfulwordsandvividimages.III.Appreciationofhispoems•1.Principalbeliefs•2.Themesin“LeavesofGrass”•1.Principalbeliefs:•InSongofMyself《自我之歌》,Whitmansetsforthtwoprincipalbeliefs:•A.thetheoryofuniversality,whichisillustratedbylengthycataloguesofpeopleandthings.TheI,beholdingnatureandmanalike.Thewholepoemendsonanextremelytranscendentalnote:Iamlarge,Icontainmultitudes（我很大，我包罗一切）.B.Theotherbeliefisinthesingularityandequalityofallbeingsinvalues.•SongofMyselfrevealsaworldofequality,withoutrankandhierarchy.Relatedwebsites•Icelebratemyself,andsingmyself,AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume,Foreveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou.•Iloafeandinvitemysoul,Ileanandloafeatmyeaseobservingaspearofsummergrass.•Mytongue,everyatomofmyblood,form'dfromthissoil,thisair,Bornhereofparentsbornherefromparentsthesame,andtheirparentsthesame,•我赞美我自己，我所采取的你也将采取，因为属于我的每个原子也一样属于你。•我邀请我的灵魂和我一道闲游，我悠闲的俯视……一片夏日的草叶。•我的舌，我血液的每个原子，是在这片土壤、这个空气里形成的，是这里的父母生下的，父母的父母也是在这里生下的，他们的父母也一样，I,nowthirty-sevenyearsoldinperfecthealthbegin,Hopingtoceasenottilldeath.•Creedsandschoolsinabeyance,Retiringbackawhilesufficedatwhattheyare,butneverforgotten,Iharborforgoodorbad,Ipermittospeakateveryhazard,Naturewithoutcheckwithoriginalenergy.•我，现在三十七岁，一生下身体就十分健康，希望永远如此，直到死去。•信条和学派暂时不论，且后退一步，明了它们当前的情况已足，但也决不是忘记，不论我从善从恶，我允许随意发表意见，顺乎自然，保持原始的活力。2.Themesin“LeavesofGrass”•Inthisgiantwork,openness,freedom,andaboveall,individualismareallthatconcernedhim.•MostofthepoemsinLeavesofGrasssingofthe“en-masse”(全体，一起),ie.thegreatAmericaandtheselfaswell.•Whitmanextolstheidealsofequalityanddemocracyandcelebratesthedignity,theself-reliantspiritandthejoyofthecommonman.•3.Symbolicsenseof“I”in“SongofMyself”•A.Mostlimitedsignificance:WaltWhitmanhimself•B.Broadersignificance:representativeofallmen;•C.Transcendentalsignificance:Whitman’ssoul---theWorldSoul---theOversoul•IV.EvaluationofWhitman•1)HeisthegreattypicalAmericanpoetwithhisthemeofanemergentAmerica,itsexpansion,itsindividualismanditsAmericannesswhichispartof“AmericanRenaissance”.•2)Whitman’sgreatcontributiontoAmericanliteratureishisuseoffreeverse.Hispoetryaddedtotheliteraryindependenceofthenewnationbybreakingfreeoftheconventionoftheiambicpentameterandexhibitingafreedomunknownbefore.•3)NotonlytheformofWhitman’sfreeversebutalsohisthoughtofdemocracyhavebeeninfluentialinworldliterature,andremaintheinspiringsourceof20th-centuryliterature.•4)Whitman’sinfluenc