论萨特的-介入文学-与罗兰-巴特的-作者之死

“”·“”“写作”作为文学中必不可少的中介因素，自始至终占据着重要地位，萨特与罗兰·巴特就此提出过各自不同的观点。前者以“介入”为口号提出以“自由”为目的的写作观，后者以语言和风格之必然为前提形成了“零度写作”这一概念。然而，萨特的自由包含着自由之背叛，巴特的零度实质则是以必然论为依托来逃避作者的责任。在此基础上，结合巴赫金的相关理论，一直以来被忽视的以“同情”为标准的写作观需要重新被引入人们的视野，这有利于学界对“文学写作”这一观念进行更加细致的审视。萨特“介入文学”罗兰·巴特自由必然2019。·。“”“”。19“”20“”。。“”。“”“”。。。。、1947《》“”《3》。“”、“”、“”。“”“”“”“”。。。。。。“”。。“”。“《》‘‘’’。”①“、、。”②“”。“、、、。、、”。③·1953《》。。“”“”。。。。“‘’、。”④。。。、。、、。。。。、。《》“”。“———420142134。”⑤。。“”。。。“‘、’。”⑥、。、“”、“”。。“‘inmundonondaturcasus’‘、nondaturfatum。’”⑦。。。、。·“。‘’‘’‘、、、’‘’‘。’”⑧。“”。。。5“”·“”。。“、。”⑨。、、、。。、。。。。、、。。、、。、。。“”。。。、。“”“‘’。。”⑩。。、。。。。。“。、、620142134。”瑏瑡“”。——————。“”“”。·《》“。。。。”瑏瑢“。。”瑏瑣。·———。、。。。。·“。‘’‘’。”瑏瑤。。。。。。。·7“”·“”、“。”瑏瑥。。。··“‘’‘’。‘、、’。”瑏瑦“‘’、、、。‘’。”瑏瑧、“。”瑏瑨。、———“”“”。。“”。。·“。”瑏瑩。·“《》AuthorsandWritersauthorswriters。。。。”瑐瑠。。·。“。。。‘’。820142134、、、。。。”瑐瑡、、、、、。、、。。。。“。”瑐瑢“、。、。。”瑐瑣、。、、———。。。。B．H．《》“。。。”瑐瑤、、、。。。。“、。”瑐瑥。、。“”。。“9“”·“”。。。、。”瑐瑦、“。。。。”瑐瑧“。。”瑐瑨。。。①②《———〈〉》《》2007148—57。③·《》200292。④·《》20087。⑤·《·》2005300。⑥·《》、2010137。⑦《》2004188。⑧·《》2003367。⑨·《20》2007138。⑩·《》2007127。瑏瑡··《》、2009191。瑏瑢瑏瑣SuzanneGuerlac“SartreandthePowersofLiteratureTheMythofProseandthePracticeofＲeading”inMLNBaltimoreTheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress1993pp．815－816p．816．瑏瑤GabriellaPaolucci“Sartre’sHumanismandtheCubanＲevolution”inTheoryandSocietyNewYorkandHeidelbergandDordrechtSpringer2007p．257．瑏瑥JohnIreland“FreedomasPassionSartre’sMysteryPlays”inTheatreJournalBaltimoreTheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress1998p．348．瑏瑦瑏瑧ClaraClaibornePark“AuthorAuthorＲeconstructingＲolandBarthes”inTheHudsonＲeviewNewYorkTheHudsonＲeviewInc．1990p．377pp．377－378．瑏瑨《》2001406。瑏瑩DanielJust“AgainsttheNovelMeaningandHistoryinＲolandBarthes’s‘LeDegréZéroDel’écriture’”inNewLiteraryHistoryBaltimoreTheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress2007p．396．瑐瑠SylvèreLotringer“Argo-NotesＲolandBarthes’TextualTrip”inBoundary2DurhamDukeUniversityPress1974p．566．0120142134瑐瑡ThomasMerton“WritingasTemperature”inTheSewaneeＲeviewBaltimoreTheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress1969pp．539－540．瑐瑢瑐瑣瑐瑦瑐瑧瑐瑨《》1、、、20099099341153211。瑐瑤、B．H．《》《》2、、、2009437。瑐瑥·《》2001361。11“”·“”英文提要Sartre’s“InterveningLiterature”andＲolandBarthes’s“TheDeathofWriter”BIXiaoAsanecessarymediatingfactorinliterature“writing”playsasignificantroleallthetime．SartreandＲolandBarthessuggestdifferentideasaboutit．Theformerputsforwardtheconceptof“liberty”asitspurposeandthelatterputsforwardtheconceptof“WritingDegreeZero”onthepremiseofthenecessityoflanguageandstyle．HoweverthelibertyofSartrecontainsthebetrayaloflibertywhileDegreeZeroistheexcuseforavoidingthewriter’sresponsibility．WithreferencetoBakhtin’stheoryempathywhichhasbeenignoredforalongtimeneedstobetakenasthestandardofwriting．VictorianWomenWriters’SenseofDutyAＲeadingofTheLifeofCharlotteBrontёFUYanhuiVictorianwomenwriterswereexpectedtowritewithincertainlimits．Amongmanyothersthingstheyshouldcreatefemalecharactersthatbearmuchresemblanceto“theAngelintheHouse”．CharlotteBrontёsuffersattacksforhercreatingJaneEyreacharacterthatgreatlydeviatesfromtheidealVictorianwoman“theAngelintheHouse”．HavinginmindthetaskofrestoringCharlotte’sreputationElizabethGaskellsetsouttowriteTheLifeofCharlotteBrontёthroughwhichisrevealedVictorianwomenwriters’waytocopewithdutiesofallsortsimposeduponthembythedominantideology．ItisstrikinglynoticeablethatinthenameoffulfillingdutiesVictorianwomenwritersstrivetowidentheirsphereofaction．Theireffortsbenefitwomenwritersoflatergenerations．WhitmanStudiesinChina1919－2010LIUShusenThisessayisintendedtostudythecentennialhistoryofWhitmanstudiesinChinaandinterpretitsachievementsandresearchfeaturesindifferentperiodsofboththe20thand21stcenturies．TheearlyphaseofWhitmanstudiesinChinawascharacterizedbytheleadingcontributionofagroupofyoungpoetsashisChinesetranslatorsandcriticseducatedandinspiredabroadstronglywishfultoexplorethepoetryofWhitmanforsolutiontosomeoftheexistingproblemsinbothChinesesocietyandliterarymodernization．SuchtraitsofWhitmanstudiesexertedanimportantandfar-reachinginfluenceonseveralgenerationsofChinesepoetscriticsandcommonreaderssignificantlycontributingtotheprestigeofWhitmanasoneofthemostpopularandinfluentialforeignwritersinChinasincetheMay4thMovementin1919．InspiteoftheincreasingglobalinteractionofWhitmanstudiesinthe20thcenturywhichhasbeenstronglydevelopinginthepresentcenturyWhitmanstudiesinChinastillmaintainssomeofitsowndistinction．65120142134