人机交互对计算机发展的影响

••CHI•CHI----•••DouglasC.Engelbart(1925-)AppleLisa-‘82SteveJobs(1955-)2050PC???(1623-1945)•WilhelmSchickhard1623•CharlesBabbage18231842•GeorgeScheutz185315••1819•2040501937-1953•1906:LeeDeForest•AlanTuring1943Colossus•J.PresperEckertandJohnV.Mauchly1943ENIAC1954-1962•,•FORTRAN(1956),ALGOL(1958),andCOBOL(1959).•LARCIBM70301963-1972••1964:CDC6600•CPL(1963)BCPL(1967)1972-1984•LSIVlSI,•CRAY1,CRAYX-MPandCYBER205•CUnix1984-1990••••InteliPSC-11281990-•--()!()?Eniac(1943)MarkI(1944)ENIACMARKIVonNeuman&PrincetonArchitecture(1946)MainframeComputersFromIBMArchives.IBMSSEC(1948)Stretch(1961)1947Bardeen,BrattainandShockley1958JackKilby1904SirJohnAmbroseFleming(KillerApplications)•19431:MarkI•194312:5000•1946:ENIAC(ElectronicNumericalIntegratorComputer):19431946JohnW.MauchlyJ.PresperEckert3018000251936Zuse1941ZuseZ31944Eniac1944MarkI1946VonNeuman&Princeton*1904*1947*19581948IBMSSE61936ZuseEarlyageMainFrame+---ÆPC•1945Memex•1969Flex•1973Alto•1974Bravo•1974IBMportablecomputer•1983AppleLisa•1984AppleMacintosh•1987MicroSoftWindowsBushMemex(1945)FLEX&Dynabook(1969)KayKayFLEXKayKayXeroxPARCDynabookXeroxAlto(Star)Alto:BravoWYSIWYG.BravoXMicrosoftWord.Laurel.Neptune.Press.Sil.XeroxStar-1981•PC–,WYSIWYG•AppleLisa-1982•GUIPC•LisaWrite:LisaCalc:LisaGraph:LisaList:LisaProject:LisaDraw:LisaTerminal:AppleMacintosh-1984•-$2500••••MacWriteMacDraw•PagemakerWordExcelMSWindows(1987)1983Windows1987811MicrosoftWindows2.03wasreleasedJanuary1988.MicrosoftWindows3.1wasreleasedin1992.PC(KillerApplications)•••••••••PC*1945Bush“AsWeMayThink”Memex*1960Licklider“”*1963SutherlandMITSketchPad*1964Engelbart*1968Augment/NLS*1969AlanKayFLEX&Dynabook*1974IBMMark8*1975IBM5100*1981IBMPC*1982AppleLisa*1984AppleMacintosh*1980MSDOS*1987MSWindowsPC&PCwithGUI•••21•:•:•(scalesystem):,•dimension,timeWhatisVirtualReality(VR)?GeorgeCoates(1992):VirtualRealityiselectronicsimulationsofenvironmentsexperiencedviaheadmountedeyegogglesandwiredclothingenablingtheendusertointeractinrealisticthree-dimensionalsituations.P.Greenbaum(1992):VirtualRealityisanalternateworldfilledwithcomputer-generatedimagesthatrespondtohumanmovements.Thesesimulatedenvironmentsareusuallyvisitedwiththeaidofanexpensivedatasuitwhichfeaturesstereophonicvideogogglesandfiber-opticgloves.MyronKrueger(1991):….Theterm(virtualworlds)typicallyreferstothree-dimensionalrealitiesimplementedwithstereoviewinggogglesandrealitygloves.MyronKruegerIn1989,JaronLanier()1956Sensorama(MortonHeilig)3Dvisuals,vibration,stereosound,wind,smell,littleinteraction.1961HeadsightSystem(PhilcoCorp.)HeadMountedDisplay(HMD),headtracking,remotevideocamera,telepresence.1965TheUltimateDisplay(IvanSutherland)StereoscopicHMD,computergeneratedimages,tracking,visuallycoupledsystem.1967Grope(UniversityofNorthCarolina)6degreeoffreedomforcefeedback.1977TheSayreGlove(Sandin,Sayre,DeFantiUniv.Illinois)Gesturerecognition.1987VirtualCockpit(BritishAerospace)headandhandtracking,eyetracking,3dvisuals,3Daudio,speechrecognition,vibrotactilefeedback.21*1989Lanier*1991Weiser*1990Caudell**1950'sHeiligVR*1983*1985VIEW*1987*1990*1994*1996Computerforthe21stCenturyKillerApplicationsCHI•()••MarkWeiser“,,,Finnegan'sWake”ThismaterialhasbeendevelopedbyGeorgiaTechHCIfaculty,andcontinuestoevolve.ContributorsincludeGregoryAbowd,JimFoley,DianeGromala,ElizabethMynatt,JeffPierce,ColinPotts,ChrisShaw,JohnStasko,andBruceWalker.Thisspecificpresentationalsoborrow[e-mail]withacknowledgementfornon-profitpurposes.Lastrevision:January2004.HCI?•HCI—•“”—•HCI•–•HCI––•–1945–••,•Internet•/,•,•–•–,Basic•WIMP–Windows,Icons,Mouse,Pointing––•Hypertext/•Email,CSCW••(VR)•••ACMCHI–DouglasC.Engelbart1998(ACM1997–StuartK.Card2000–BenShneiderman2001–DonaldA.Norman2002–JohnM.Carroll2003–TomMoran2004•–VannevarBush(1890-1974)–IvanSutherland(ACM1988–AlanKay(ACM2003–MarkWeiser(1952-1999)VannevarBush(1890-1974)•“AsWeMayThink”-1945AtlanticMonthly•Memex––––•BushDouglasC.Engelbart•1964.•:–,,,,,,,CSCW,,…–Augment/NLSsystem–NationalMedalofTechnology,2000–IEEE,JohnVonNeumannMedalAward,1999–ACM,A.M.TuringAward,1997StuartK.Card•Fitt‘sLaw•ModelHumanProcessorGOMSinformationforagingtheory•RoomsworkspacemanagertheInformationVisualizer.BenShneiderman•Dr.ShneidermanSoftwarePsychology:HumanFactorsinComputerandInformationSystems(1980)•BenShneiderman1983DonaldA.Norman•60•DesignofEverydayThingshuman-centereddesignJohnM.Carroll••Scenario-basedDesignTomMoran•AllenNewellStuartCardThePsychologyofHuman-ComputerInteraction.Modelhumanprocessor,keystroke-levelmodelGOMSmodel•MoranHumanComputerInteraction.•70TomXeroxStarIvanSutherland•1963MITSutherlandSketchpad•1988TuringAwardAlanC.Kay•1977PARCAlanKay“Dynabook”“PC”AlanKayPARC“Smalltalk”•2003TuringAwardMarkWeiser•21•MarkWeiser1988XeroxPARC••BushMemex(1945)•(GUIDM)•SketchPad1963•Mouse1964)•Augment/NLS(1968)•Windows•Dynabook1977•Hypertext•DigitalDesk(GUIDM)•1963MITSutherlandSketchpad•1964DougEngelbart•1965TedNelson•1968DougEngelbart•1969AlanKay•1975DavidCanfieldSmith“