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林肯首次就职演讲赏析蒋慧2012124125在谋篇布局上,首先,开篇林肯就稳健温和地表明了政府的政府的态度,为此他多次引用法律法规,反复申明当选政府的政治立场和作风。在演讲过半时,巨剑强调联邦对于民众和宪法的重要意义,最后他以睿智和申请触动了听众渴望的那根弦,“我们是朋友而不是敌人,也不能是敌人”,声情并茂,耐人寻味。其次,为了这个态度和姿态,在人称选择上,林肯巧妙地避开了共和党这一敏感词汇,用“I”第一人称单数表明他作为民选总统的身份,来突出广大民众的意图是政府行政的基本。林肯政府已经明显感觉到南部对北方的仇恨达到了顶点,因为林肯没有在南方10个州得到一张选票,内战的形势已经剑拔弩张。林肯一生,演讲无数,但在最为关键的总统就职演讲上,他几易其稿,放弃了曾经一贯的老练沧桑的政治口吻,放弃了自己鲜明的个性,取而代之的是一张温和的劝诫,试图化解南北双方的仇恨,令双方放下武器,远离战争。但这些并非是本演讲的全部。林肯是睿智的。即使战争是不可避免,当选政府也决不可成为战争的发动者。于是在貌似劝诫的兽人讲稿中,在貌似温和的言辞里透露出犀利的批判和政府坚定的决心:联邦高于宪法。谁要分裂联邦,谁就是罪大恶极的千古罪人。林肯在演讲中将智慧与情感发挥到了极致:演讲开篇,他用了许多资源来争取北方的支持,与此同时却没有鼓励南部。他引用了4条法律文件,向南方保证他们在宪法内所享有的权利:“clause,provision,declaration”等等词汇,表明了他庄重的态度。但是所有的这些权利都是以一个联邦为前提:“IholdthatincontemplationofuniversallawandoftheConstitutiontheUnionoftheseStatesisperpetual.Perpetuityisimplied,ifnotexpressed,inthefundamentallawofallmoreperfectUnion”在危机时刻,“联邦”在林肯心目中的分量要远胜过“宪法”。联邦产生于宪法诞生前,宪法可以修正、补充,政府一届思念,也可以有错,思念的偏差不足以影响整个国家的历史进程,但是,联邦一旦分裂后患无穷。所以,林肯的聪明之处就在于他明确表明南方和北方不是敌人:“Wearenotenemies,butfriends.Wemustnotbeenemies”,但是谁要是分裂联邦,就注定是合众国的敌人。南部人不可能拱手相让他们的财产,解决南部人的奴隶问题只是时间早晚而已。由此他首先指明了南部人的无力在线:“Inyourhands,mydissatisfiedfellow-countrymen,andnotinmine,isthemomentousissueofcivilwar”,并且忠告头脑发热的南部人,一个急切的目标,也要慢慢来,不能等目标落空。将战争发动的挑衅方放到了南部人的身上,是这篇演讲的目的。如果南方闻其详,就此罢手不发动战争,不分裂联邦,这是上策;如果南方充耳不闻这些示好的言论,物理手段也是当选政府不得已而为之。所以,本演讲逻辑极强,层层推进,步步稳扎,既有开篇耐心的谆谆教诲,又有在后面逐步展开的严厉告诫。本篇一改往日林肯演讲凛然的气势、磅礴奔放的个性,在措辞上采取内敛深情的风格。如开篇“IncompliancewithacustomasoldastheGovernmentitself”、“Idonotconsideritnecessaryatpresentforme”、“Ihavenopurpose,directlyorindirectly,tointerferewith”、“Ihavenolawfulrighttodoso,andIhavenoinclinationtodoso”,这一切显示出林肯的诚意和屈尊---当选总统愿意为一个和谐的联邦改进自己。由于整篇的基调是稳健的劝和,本篇演讲在修辞手法上主要采用语气缓和但不乏节奏感的同义词叠韵:withnomentalreservationsandwithnopurpose、fraternalsympathiesandaffections.在句型的处理上,近义词反复是他的惯用的手段,此外还有同义词反复出现,每一次都增加一个修饰语,句型由简单句慢慢过渡到复杂句,层层推进,最终调动听粽情绪:Itwasformed,infact,bytheArticlesofAssociation.ItwasmaturedandcontinuedbytheDeclarationofIndependence.Itwasfurthermatured,andthefaithofallthethenthirteenStatesexpresslyplightedandengagedthatitshouldbeperpetual.Andfinally,oneofthedeclaredobjectsforordainingandestablishingtheConstitutionwas“toformamoreperfectUnion.”同时篇章中的句型长短错落有致,在长句中穿插音近异义的介词短语,使得文章朗朗上口:Theyhaveconducteditthroughmanyperils,andgenerallywithgreatsuccess.这篇演讲最大的特点就是他的真情实意贯穿全文。虽然在开篇有点谦卑妥协,但是娓娓道来,慢慢展开主题,点燃了民众与联邦同生共死的激情,联邦的情感、人民赋予的重托、责任和意识贯穿整个演讲中。其中佳句迭出:“Physicallyspeaking,wecannotseparate.Wecannotremoveourrespectivesectionsfromeacheachothernorbuildanimpassablewallbetweenthem”“Wearenotenemies,butfriends.Wemustnotbeenemies.”结尾是演讲的升华,充满了激情四溢的语句:“Thoughpassionmayhavestraineditmustnotbreakourbondsofaffection.Themysticchordsofmemory,stretchingfromeverybattlefieldandpatriotgravetoeverylivingheartandhearthstonealloverthisbroadland,willyetswellthechorusoftheUnion,whenagaintouched,assurelytheywillbe,bythebetterangelsofournature.”使得整个演讲在此处,声情并茂、情深意长,而且全篇从整体上将,收放自如,情感拿捏得体,看成演讲中的珍品。FirstInauguralAddressofAbrahamLincolnMONDAY,MARCH4,1861Fellow-CitizensoftheUnitedStates:IncompliancewithacustomasoldastheGovernmentitself,IappearbeforeyoutoaddressyoubrieflyandtotakeinyourpresencetheoathprescribedbytheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatestobetakenbythePresidentbeforeheentersontheexecutionofthisoffice.Idonotconsideritnecessaryatpresentformetodiscussthosemattersofadministrationaboutwhichthereisnospecialanxietyorexcitement.ApprehensionseemstoexistamongthepeopleoftheSouthernStatesthatbytheaccessionofaRepublicanAdministrationtheirpropertyandtheirpeaceandpersonalsecurityaretobeendangered.Therehasneverbeenanyreasonablecauseforsuchapprehension.Indeed,themostampleevidencetothecontraryhasallthewhileexistedandbeenopentotheirinspection.Itisfoundinnearlyallthepublishedspeechesofhimwhonowaddressesyou.IdobutquotefromoneofthosespeecheswhenIdeclarethat--Ihavenopurpose,directlyorindirectly,tointerferewiththeinstitutionofslaveryintheStateswhereitexists.IbelieveIhavenolawfulrighttodoso,andIhavenoinclinationtodoso.ThosewhonominatedandelectedmedidsowithfullknowledgethatIhadmadethisandmanysimilardeclarationsandhadneverrecantedthem;andmorethanthis,theyplacedintheplatformformyacceptance,andasalawtothemselvesandtome,theclearandemphaticresolutionwhichInowread:Resolved,ThatthemaintenanceinviolateoftherightsoftheStates,andespeciallytherightofeachStatetoorderandcontrolitsowndomesticinstitutionsaccordingtoitsownjudgmentexclusively,isessentialtothatbalanceofpoweronwhichtheperfectionandenduranceofourpoliticalfabricdepend;andwedenouncethelawlessinvasionbyarmedforceofthesoilofanyStateorTerritory,nomatterwhatpretext,asamongthegravestofcrimes.Inowreiteratethesesentiments,andindoingsoIonlypressuponthepublicattentionthemostconclusiveevidenceofwhichthecaseissusceptiblethattheproperty,peace,andsecurityofnosectionaretobeinanywiseendangeredbythenowincomingAdministration.Iadd,too,thatalltheprotectionwhich,consistentlywiththeConstitutionandthelaws,canbegivenwillbecheerfullygiventoalltheStateswhenlawfullydemanded,forwhatevercause--ascheerfullytoonesectionastoanother.Thereismuchcontroversyaboutthedeliveringupoffugitivesfromserviceorlabor.TheclauseIno
本文标题:林肯演讲赏析
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