2012高考英语一轮复习语法课件(人教版)：专题4 形容词和副词

专题四形容词和副词一、形容词分类及基本用法形容词就是用来修饰名词或不定代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词。基本用法如下表：分类功能例词定语形容词作定语、表语和补语等。hot,cold,etc.表语形容词作表语，有的可作后置定语well,ill,glad,sorry,fond,worth,able,afraid,alone,asleep,alive,awake,alike,afraid,etc.二、复合形容词构成例词形容词+名词+edkind-hearted,white-haired形容词+形容词red-hot,dark-blue形容词+现在分词good-looking,easy-going副词+现在分词hard-working,fast-moving副词+过去分词hard-won,newly-built名词+形容词life-long,world-famous名词+现在分词peace-loving,fun-loving名词+过去分词snow-covered,hand-made数词+名词ten-year,two-man数词+名词+edfour-storied,three-legged数词+名词+形容词three-year-old三、副词分类及基本用法副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词和全句的词汇。副词分类及用法如下表：分类例词用法例句时间副词today,yesterday,soon,recently,suddenly,still,already,just,etc.可位于句首、句中或句尾。Hewenthomeyesterday.Yesterdayhewenthome.HewenttoParisrecently.HerecentlywenttoParis.RecentlyhewenttoParis.地点副词here,there,up,down,away,nearby,home,ahead,abroad,indoors,overseas,halfway,upstairs,downstairs,etc.常用于句末或句首，从不位于主语和谓语之间。Canyouhelptocarrythistableupstairs?Theboyreadquietlyoverthereallafternoon.方式副词carefully,happily,quietly,heavily,warmly,correctly,politely,angrily,etc.通常位于动词(及其宾语)之后；在“动词+介词+宾语”结构中，方式副词既可位于“介词+宾语”之前，也可位于Hereadtheletterslowly.Helookedatmecuriously.Helookedcuriouslyatme.Helookedcuriouslyateveryonewhogotoff“介词+宾语”之后；单个的方式副词有时也可位于主语与动词之间。theplane.Hequicklygotdressed.频度副词always,continually,frequently,often,once,twice,repeatedly,sometimes,usually,ever,hardlyever,never,rarely,scarcely，ever,seldom,etc.位于实义动词之前，be动词、助动词、情态动词之后；如果有两个助动词，频度副词通常放在第一个助动词后面。Heoftencomestoseeus.Heisseldomlateforschool.Wehaveneverbeeninvitedtooneoftheirparties.Shewasalwayslate.IknowIshouldtakeexercise,butIneverdo.程度副词fairly,pretty,rather,quite,very,much,too,greatly,almost,nearly,half,highly,awfully,deeply,partly,perfectly,really,etc.主要修饰形容词和副词，有的还可修饰比较级(如much,rather等)和最高级(如quite,much,almost等)；有的可修饰动词，有的则不能。Housesaremuchmoreexpensivethesedays.Thisisquite/muchthemostexpensiveradiohere.Iquiteagreewithyou.Hedrivesverycarefully.连接副词therefore,besides,however,moreover,still,thus,meanwhile,etc.用于连接句子，性质类似于并列连词，使用时其前通常用分号或句号；若其前用逗号，则通常带有并列连词(如and)。Idon’tlikeit;besides,it’stooexpensive.Wealltriedourbest;however,welostthegame.Wealltriedourbest.However,welostthegame.when,why,where,how,etc.用于引导从句或不定式。Tellmewhenweshallleave.Tellmewhentoleave.Idon’knowhowIcanfindhim.Idon’tknowhowtofindhim.关系副词when,where,why用于引出定语从句。Sundayisthedaywhenveryfewpeoplegotowork.That’sthereasonwhyhedislikesme.DoyouknowashopwhereIcanfindsandals?疑问副词when,where,why,how用于引出特殊疑问句。Wheredoyoucomefrom?Whenwillitbeready?Whywasshecrying?句子副词actually,certainly,clearly,definitely,evidently,surely,fortunately,frankly,honestly,luckily,obviously,perhaps,possibly,unexpectedly,etc.用于修饰句子(而不是修饰某个单词)，反映说话人的观点和看法。Obviouslyhecan’ttellthedifferencebetweenthem.Iarrivedlatebutluckilythemeetinghadbeendelayed.【考点一】考查多个形容词修饰一个名词的排列顺序熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老,颜色国籍和材料,作用类别往后靠。说明：（1）“限定词”包括：冠词、物主代词、指示代词、或数词，它位于各类形容词前。它本身分为三位，即：前、中、后。前位限定词有all、half、both、分数和倍数；中位限定词有冠词、指示代词、物主代词等；后位限定词有基数词和序数词，但序数词位于基数词前。（2）“描绘”性形容词,如beautiful,bad,cold,great,etc.（3）“大长高”表示大小、长短、高低等一些词；（4）表示“形状”的词，如round,square,etc.（5）“国籍”指一个国家或地区的词；“出”指出处。“材料”的词，如wooden,woolen,stone,silk,etc.（6）“作用类别”的词，如medical,college,writing(desk),police(car),etc.【考点二】考查形容词作定语的后置规律形容词作定语一般位于所修饰的名词前，但下列三种情况形容词要后置：（1）形容词短语作定语时要后置。Studentsbraveenoughtotakethisadventurecoursewillcertainlylearnalotofusefulskills.（2）表语形容词作定语要后置。常见的表语形容词有：afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake,alive,etc.。Allthepeoplepresentatthepartywerehissupporters.（3）形容词作定语修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词，如anything、something等时，通常后置。Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.【考点三】形容词作伴随状语和原因状语形容词充当状语多表示主语的状态。Hespent7daysinthewindandsnow,coldandhungry.Afraidofbeingcaught,thethiefhidhimselfunderabed.【考点四】考查-ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别-ed形容词，通常说明人，意为“(某人)感到……”；-ing形容词通常说明事物，意为“(某事物)令人……”或“令人……的(事物)”。这样成对的形容词有：interested/interesting;excited/exciting;frightened/frightening;surprised/surprising;pleased/pleasing;moved/moving;disappointed/disappointing等。Lawsthatpunishparentsfortheirlittlechildren’sactionsagainstthelawsgetparentsworried.Itisbelievedthatifabookisinteresting,itwillsurelyinterestthereader.注意：即使-ed形容词用以说明事物，那也是指与该事物相关的人；即使-ing形容词用以说明人，也是指此人具有该性质或特征。Hetoldmethenewsinanexcitedvoice.Themanisinteresting.【考点五】考查形容词或副词的比较级和最高级形容词、副词比较级和最高级的常用句型名称结构例句相等as+原级+asMissXuspeaksEnglishasfluentlyasyou.as+原级+a/an+单数名词+asHeisashonestamanasyou.asmany+名词复数+as；asmuch+不可数名词+asIhaveasmanybooksasyou.倍数+as+原级+aThisroomisthreetimesaslargeasthatone.不及notas/so+原级+asThisbuildinglooksnotso(as)highasthatone.less+原级+thanThisroomislessbeautifulthanthatone.超过比较级+thanHealthismoreimportantthanwealth.the+比较级+ofthetwo，表示“两者中较……的一个”Heisthetallerofthetwo.否定词+比较级no+比较级+than，表示“两者都不”Thisbookisnomoreinterestingthanthatone.再……不过（可译为“非常，十分”）Hisworkcouldn’tbeworse.程度递增-er+and+-er，moreandmore+多音节词原级，表示“越来越……”Theweatherisgettingcolderandcolder.Thegirlbecomesmoreandmorebeautiful.两种情况同时变化the+比较级，the+比较级，表示“越……，越……”Theharderheworks,thehappierhefeels.三者或三者以上比较the+最高级+of/in+比较范围，表示“……之中最……”Ofallthingsintheworld,peoplearethemostprecious.【考点六】考查形容词与副词区别（1）“名词+ly”构成的是形容词，而不是副词。这类形容词有friendly,lovely,we