墨西哥现代化进程中的地区发展问题

©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(100007),,,,,,80,,,,,,,,01©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,,,,,,,3040,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,32,1940619604,1310,60,,,,,,,,606070,,,,1930100,1960500,1970910,19801300,20%22%,196046%,198048%468%,,70,:,:,293,,1998:19801993-,,19994,32311©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:3,;,;,1978,,,1970,512,1980416,,,,,,80,,,8019881994,,,,,,,,:,,,;,(ProgramaNacionaldesolidaridad),,,,(),,,296(etapadepoliticaregionalvacia),29121©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(),,,550005100019804019%19883615%,19933417%,198048%19933716%,19805516%19934612%,,,(),90,,,,,,,4()40%,30%19804161993614,77%95%51994,,(regionalismosemergentes),,,,(),,-,,,239,328,32933031©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(),8090,,,,,,,,()5070,8090,,,(),,80,S.F.?,,,90,,,,,,,,(),:,,,:(1),;(2),,,,;(3),,,StohrWalterandFraserTaylor,DevelopmentfromAboveorBelow?TheDialecticsofRegionalPlanninginDeve2lopingCountries,JohnWileyandSons,Chichesler,1981.,77,68969441©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.()(),,,,,,,,,,,,,(),,,(25)51©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(),199967(15),,,,,,,,(),,,,,,(),,,()52©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:populationisspreadunevenlyamongregions;socialindicatorsvarywidelyindifferentareas;andtheeconomicstructuresareverydiverseindifferentpartsofthenation.Theissueofregionaldisparityisrootedinhistory.Itisalsorelatedtopolicymistakesandtheinevitableoutcomeofthenaturalresourcelocations.Manygovernmentshaverealizedthenegativeresultsfortheunevenregionaldevelopment,andhavetakenupseveralmeasurestoovercometheproblem.Brazil,amongothers,hasmadesomeprogressindealingwiththisissue.Takenasawhole,however,LatinAmericahasnotdonemuchtopursueatargetofbalancedregionaldevelopment.(WuGuoping)THEISSUEOFREGIONALDEVELOPMENTINTHEMEXICANMODERNIZATIONPROCESSUnevenregionaldevelopment,whichisreflectedinthedifferentgrowthrates,incomesandoveralldevelopmentlevelamongtheregions,haslongbeenabigissueinthemodernizationprocessinMexico.Asearlyasduringthe1930sand1940s,thegovernmentimplementedaplantodevelopthepoorregionsinthenorthernandwesternparts.Inthepost-WorldWarIIperiod,itmademanytypesofpoliciestopromoteabalanceddevelopmentpattern.Particularlyintheearly1970s,itcarriedoutadecentralizationprogram,which1)calledforeconomicactivitiesandresidentstomoveawayfromthethreemetropolitanareas;2)promotedmarketdevelopmentinthebackwardregions;and3)decentralizedtheadministrativepowerstothelocalauthorities.Beginningfromthelate1980s,withthegrandreformprogramsoftheSalinasadministration,regionaldevelopmentinthecountryshowedseveralnewfeatures:1)thenorthernparthasbecomeaplacewhereindustrydevelopedthefastest;2)theimportanceof36©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.)thesouthcontinuestobeunderdeveloped.Withinthisscenario,someareas,particularlythosewithlargenumbersofIndianpopulation,haveexhibitedastrongtendencyoflocalism,whichcallsformorelocalautonomy.(ChenZhiyun)DEVELOPMENTOFTHEBACKWARDAREASINBRAZILRegionaldisparityinBrazilhasbeenanimportantissue.Asamatteroffact,itisonofthemaincausesofpovertyandunequalincomedistribution.Asearlyasin1941theauthorityseparatedBrazilintofiveregions.Fromthenonithasattachedgreatimportancetotheissueofbalanceddevelopmentoftheseregions.ItseemsthatwecandrawthefollowinglessonsfromtheBrazilianexperienceindealingwiththeissueofregionaldisparity:1)Thegovernmentshouldunderstandtheimportanceofbalanceddevelopmentamongtheregions.2)Thecentralgovernmentshouldallocatemoreresourcestothebackwardareas.Thiskindofassistanceishighlynecessary.3)Thecomparativeadvantagesinthesepoorareasshouldbebroughtintofullplay.4)Developmentoftheseareasneedstobeguidedbyscienceandtechnology.5)Bothdomesticandforeigncapitalcanbeutilizedtoopenuptheseregions.6)Environmentalprotectionshouldnotbeoverlookedintheprocess.7)Tourismmightbeanewwayofdevelopment.(LYinchun)RECONSIDERATIONOFTHEUNEMPLOYMENTPROBLEMINLATINAMERICATheunemploymentissueofLatinAmericainthe1990shadsuchfeaturesas:1)theunemploymentratewasontherisecontinuously;2)womenandtheyoungpeoplewerethemajortwogroupsoftheunemployed;and3)jobsecuritywasworsenin