英国铁路运输与工业革命进程

”`”””`“`“`”“““`”`”“``”““`”`,。,,。60,。,,,。,,。(waggonwya)。,·16031604,,。,,18,(plateway)。,,。1767,,18,20。①,。_,19。1910,,300。②,。,、,。16,,,’`。,,,。,,,。1800,200,1823,23。⑧,~①·M·:《》,3,1989,167.②`《,(M.G.T.Lewis,EarlyWoodenRailwavs),1070,205.③:《,(p`Mathias,TheFrstl”dusriaNatfo”),xos3,254255,29~---~-。,。,,。,19,。,,,。,。。18,8i,,3/4。,,。,19。,。,。。,。,1801,224,6,9,131,2.5。④,,,。,2。⑥,、,。,。,。,,10,,。。,19,,,。。1804,。1805。4301:450,,。1825,。,1920,,。,,。1930。1830915,④:《1530》(MC。F.Dendy,HistoryofBritishRailwaysdowntothyear1530),1935,88。⑤:《》(C438。109、。Singereds,AHistoryofTeehnology)3,1057,03·19924,“”。,,,,,,。,“,”,⑥。,,,,:,,。。,,:18,70,,1,1835,8,。O,,,,,。,。18351837“”,1700,,,1844,2235。⑧,,18441846“”,18464000。18441850,812,1852,7356。15551560425,ia6o1565572。L1570,15500,70。。,,.。,40,,。,?,,。,,,。,。,,,,⑥,,《,(MJ。FreemandDHAlderoft,TheAtlasofBritishRailwayHistory),l,55,4.⑦:《》(H。Ellis,BritishRailwayHistory1530rs6),1056,3::《》,4,176.⑧:《》(M。C。Reed,IvestmentinRaijwaysi”Britai”1820s`4),,75,2、7.⑧《)(R.D.Baxter,RailwayExtensionandItsResults),—:《》(E.M.CarusWIIsoned,EssaysinEeonomieHiotory),1062,332::《》(D.C。Douglased.EnglshHsofrealDoeuments)JZ,1956,1,21。.L:《》,32.0:《》(T.S.Gourvish,RailwaysandBritishEeonomy15301014),198021、9.,,,。,。,。,。1920,,。1930,,,。,、。,,。。·,。,:,,;,1.5`,“20,”。,1820,1/_⑧,。,·。。,`,21,6,,。⑧,,:,,。,,,,,:,。。,,。,,。,。,1930,,,,。⑥,,:18451849,4050,186218661/3。L,@:《》,1986,116、123.。:《》(5andB·Webb,TheStoryoftheKing,sHighwav),106,103-@:《》(1851),:《》3,42.⑥:《,(p.S.Bagwexx,TheTransportRevolutionx。1055),1088,80N81.9192,,.。,。,。。,,。,,。,,,,。。,,。,,。。192030,,,,:1831,177031.1。⑧,,。~,。50,,。,,,,,。,。,,,,,“”,。,,,“x”,,、,,,。,,:、`、、,,,,。。。,、:《》(TransportinVietorianBritain),1988,60.:《》;:《》,80.:《,(N.F.R.Crafts,BritishEconomicGrowthDuringtheIndurialRevoltio.),985,25.。。。,、,、。,。@,,,,,,,,,18301850,710,。。,,,。、:18301870,1520。⑧,,,。“”,。,。,,253525437.2,2544155217.9,185215598.6,186。18698.2;,513;,:1844185139,1852185924。@,,,,,;,。。,18441851,,5,185518693。⑧,1940,20,2530。⑧@:《,(B.R.Mitehell,theComingoftheRailwayandUKEeonomieGrowth),《》(JournalofEeonomieHistory),,624,330333。:《》,4,163164.@、:《,(G。R。HawkoandJ。P。Higgins,TransportandSoeialoverheadCaPital),、:《1700》(R。FloudandD。Meelos-keyeds,TheEeonomieHistoryofBritainsineel00),l,。81,2`7.@:《》,325327;:《》,2325.⑧、:《》,69.⑧:《》,327329.1。。24,,,,。,,。,,,,,。。,,。,。1830,,10,,415。⑧。,3,。。15,18382530,1845,37。@,,。1852,n12。⑧,。,,,,。,、,(),。,、,*、、。,,,。、,,。。!,9,1/8,@。18421870,24703.3“,50。60。1.694,12.627.2。⑧,。1848,;,,1856,。⑧,。,⑥:`》,252.《》(QuarterjyReview),3(1525),363,@:《》(E.A。Pratt,HstoryofInlandTransportandCommunieation10Eoglaod),1012,32;:《》,48283,@、:《》,48.49.⑤《,,31(1825),363.L、:《》,74.⑧:《》,101102.,1849187。,6,4,1846187。,65,2044。⑧,,。,,。1865,,2/3(),,10,50,88。⑧,,,。,185。1870,,18513.1187111.9,20。⑧,。,。,,,,。1842,:2.24,3.31,3.1,3.3,3.7,44.5。⑥1844,31.5;,,4.5。L。,18o,304030。@,,4060。⑧1866,、,1865720。,9。⑧60,“”,@:《》,97,:《》,27.、:《》243;:《》(C.EoR.Sherri”g-ton,TheEeonomiesofRailTransportinGreatBritain),1028,t,I、I、W、.⑧.:《》(BR。mitehellandP。Deaneeds,AbstraetsofBritishHistoriealStatisties),xo62,225225:、:《》(P。Deaneandw。A。Cole,theBritishEeonomieGrowthr6ss105。),。69,297、282;:《:》(W。Pageed,CommereeandIndustry,AHistoriealReiew,514202。),2,1965,r.⑧、:《》,29。⑧:《》,4(),176.⑧、:《》,”。L:《》,30.Q:《》,41.i。。4。,1865“”6n。@,,,“”,,,、。,“”,。,,,,,。,:,、。,,。,。,,,。,,,:,,,;,,,“、、、”,。,,。,19,,。:,。,“”“”,。〔,196。,。〕④、:《》,8。.12TheReloaetionPorgramandtheUrbanizationofAmerianeIndiansLiXiaogangThiasrtieleanalyesswhytheU.S.fedaerlgoevrnmentearriedouttheerloaetionprogramandhowtheprogarmaffeetedtheurbanizationofAmeri-eanIndians.Thaeimofthefederal90,ernmentwasto119tenteburdenonitself,assimilateIndiansintotheMajorityandsolvetheIndianproblemthoroughly.Bythehelpoftheprogram,`moreandmoreIndianshadtheirsoeialenvironmentandskillseilanged.TheprogramaeeeleratedtheproeessofAmerieanIndians,migrationtoeities,elpedthemtounderstandtheurbanlife,fostedtheirurbanquality,Pushedforwardtheehangeoftheirlifestyle,quiekenedtheurbanizationoftheirideas.Inaword,tilereloeationprogramsPeededuPthemodernizationofAmerieanIndians.TheRailTrarsPortandtheIndustrialRevolutioninBritainZhangTingmaoThisartielehasanalrjsedtherelationbetweentherailtransPortandtheIndustrialRevotwtionimBritain,andarguesthatthemodernizationoftherailtransportwasanindispensablepartoftheIndustrialRevolutionandthattherewasatwowaysupplydemandrelationbetweentilem.Thisspeeialrela-tionengenderedasortoffunetionofmutualpromotionwhieh,inturn,greatlyeontributedtotheeoordinateddevelopmentoftherailtransportandtheIndu-strialRevolution.