胡壮麟语言学修订版笔记(4)

环球时代英语专业考研MTI翻译硕士专四专八日语考研等Chapter3Lexicon3.1Whatisword?1.Whatisalexeme?Alexemeisthesmallestunitinthemeaningsystemofalanguagethatcanbedistinguishedfromothersimilarunits.Itisanabstractunit.Itcanoccurinmanydifferentformsinactualspokenorwrittensentences,andisregardedasthesamelexemeevenwheninflected.E.g.theword“write”isthelexemeof“write,writes,wrote,writingandwritten.”2.Whatisamorpheme?Amorphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.E.g.theword“boxes”hastwomorphemes:“box”and“es,”neitherofwhichpermitsfurtherdivisionoranalysisshapesifwedon’twanttosacrificeitsmeaning.3.Whatisanallomorph?Anallomorphisthealternateshapesofthesamemorpheme.E.g.thevariantsoftheplurality“-s”makestheallomorphsthereofinthefollowingexamples:map–maps,mouse–mice,ox–oxen,tooth–teeth,etc.4.Whatisaword?Awordisthesmallestofthelinguisticunitsthatcanconstitute,byitself,acompleteutteranceinspeechorwriting.3.1.1Threesensesof“word”1.Aphysicallydefinableunit2.Thecommonfactorunderlyingasetofforms3.Agrammaticalunit3.1.2Identificationofwords1.StabilityWordsarethemoststableofalllinguisticunits,inrespectoftheirinternalstructure,i.e.theconstituentpartsofacomplexwordhavelittlepotentialforrearrangement,comparedwiththerelativepositionalmobilityoftheconstituentsofsentencesinthehierarchy.Takethewordchairmanforexample.Ifthemorphemesarerearrangedas*manchair,itisanunacceptablewordinEnglish.2.RelativeuninterruptibilityByuninterruptibility,wemennewelementsarenottobeinserted环球时代英语专业考研MTI翻译硕士专四专八日语考研等intoawordevenwhenthereareseveralpartsinaword.Nothingistobeinsertedinbetweenthethreepartsoftheworddisappointment:dis+appoint+ment.Norisoneallowedtousepausesbetweenthepartsofaword:*disappointment.3.AminimumfreeformThiswasfirstsuggestedbyLeonardBloomfield.Headvocatedtreatingsentenceas“themaximumfreeform”andword“theminimumfreeform,”thelatterbeingthesmallestunitthatcanconstitute,byitself,acompleteutterance.3.1.3Classificationofwords1.VariableandinvariablewordsInvariablewords,onecanfindorderedandregularseriesofgrammaticallydifferentwordform;ontheotherhand,partofthewordremainsrelativelyconstant.E.g.follow–follows–following–followed.Invariablewordsrefertothosewordssuchassince,when,seldom,through,hello,etc.Theyhavenoinflectiveendings.2.GrammaticalwordsandlexicalwordsGrammaticalwords,a.k.a.functionwords,expressgrammaticalmeanings,suchas,conjunctions,prepositions,articles,andpronouns,aregrammaticalwords.Lexicalwords,a.k.a.contentwords,havelexicalmeanings,i.e.thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs,arelexicalwords.3.Closed-classwordsandopen-classwordsClosed-classword:Awordthatbelongstotheclosed-classisonewhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Newmembersarenotregularlyadded.Therefore,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallcloseditems.Open-classword:Awordthatbelongstotheopen-classisonewhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited.Nouns,verbs,adjectivesandmanyadverbsareallopen-classitems.4.WordclassThisisclosetothenotionofpartsofspeechintraditionalgrammar.Today,wordclassdisplaysawiderrangeofmorepreciselydefinedcategories.Herearesomeofthecategoriesnewlyintroducedintolinguisticanalysis.(1)Particles:Particlesincludeatleasttheinfinitivemarker“to,”thenegativemarker“not,”andthesubordinateunitsinphrasalverbs,suchas“getby,”“doup,”“lookback,”etc.(2)Auxiliaries:Auxiliariesusedtoberegardedasverbs.Becauseoftheiruniqueproperties,whichonecouldhardlyexpectofaverb,环球时代英语专业考研MTI翻译硕士专四专八日语考研等linguiststodaytendtodefinethemasaseparatewordclass.(3)Pro-forms:Pro-formsaretheformswhichcanserveasreplacementsfordifferentelementsinasentence.Forexample,inthefollowingconversation,soreplacesthatIcancome.A:Ihopeyoucancome.B:Ihopeso.(4)Determiners:Determinersrefertowordswhichareusedbeforethenounactingasheadofanounphrase,anddeterminethekindofreferencethenounphrasehas.Determinerscanbedividedintothreesubclasses:predeterminers,centraldeterminersandpostdeterminers.3.2Theformationofword3.2.1MorphemeandmorphologyMorphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.3.2.2Typesofmorphemes1.FreemorphemeandboundmorphemeFreemorphemes:Thosewhichmayoccuralone,thatis,thosewhichmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,arefreemorphemes.Boundmorphemes:Thosewhichmustappearwithatleastanothermorphemearecalledboundmorphemes.2.Root,affixandstemArootisthebaseformofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzed.Anaffixisthecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.Astemisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.Arootisthebaseformofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Thatistosay,itisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.Inthewordinternationalism,aftertheremovalofinter-,-aland-ism,whatisleftistherootnation.Allwordscontainarootmorpheme.Arootmaybefreeorbound.E.g.blackinblackbird,blackboardandblacksmith;-ceiveinreceive,conceiveandperce