我国核能发展需要关注的几个重要问题

305Vol30No520109RadiationProtectionSep.2010:2009-06-08:(1982),,2004,2007,E-mail:[e-mail]我国核能发展需要关注的几个重要问题於凡1,张永兴1,杨东2(1.,102413;2.,518045):,,,,:;;;;:X38:A1,,,,,201956,,:(1)(1986)1954(5000kW)1956195730,,19601%16%(2)(19862006)1986,3:1),,;2),,,;3),1986212006,15%(3)(2006)2005321,(IAEA),21,24,30,:78%54%39%37%30%19%16%4%2%,:200629153626,3%,20228,10%;205275,26%,!,∀#∀#,202036~40GW,4%~6%;,2050!12.5%,20%,240GW∀,#,;;,∀#,,,,,,,,,22.1,1992,21!,2500,199712,∀#,!,2008201219905.2%2002,,,:2.22.2.111[1]Tab.1Estimatedreservesofworldenergyfuelsources(J)1012t3∃10222.15∃1011t9.5∃10211.79∃1011m36.6∃10214.9∃106t4∃1023235U3.5∃104t3∃10212.75∃106t2.24∃1023,3∃1019~4∃1019J/a,,231a,;21,60a(,)%266%305()(235U0.7%)(235U3%),[1]99%238U,,,60%,,[1],,,,2.2.2∀#,,,,200393:!:,15(),1kWh:0.22,0.06,1.1~2.2,3.4,3.4~6.7,5.6~9.0,,,,,∀#CO2CO2,∀#20/t,36%12%11%[2]2.2.3,,232[3]Tab.2ContributionofnuclearpowertoreducingnonradioactivepollutantsCO2SO2NOx[g/(kWe%h)]8726.372.9544.23[4]Tab.3ComprehensivecomparisonofcoalfuelchainandnuclearfuelchaininChina/[%Sv(GWea)-1][%(GWea)-1]364.37127.120.675118[%Sv(GWea)-1][%(GWea)-1][%(GWea)-1]35.6421.6358.914.40.65560[m2(GWea)-1][m2%(GWea)-1]2.1∃1041∃1061∃1041.6∃10226.3∃103[g%CO2(KWeh)-1]1.3∃10313.79533.1%267%::201012GWe;202031,40GWe,202040GWe1GWe260t()130tswu[5],,2020,44Tab.4Demandsforuraniumandseparationworkatdifferentratesofnuclearpowerdevelopment2020(GWe)2020(104t)2020(tswu)20112020(104t)20112020(tswu)401.045.20∃1037.12435.62∃103701.829.10∃10311.41457.07∃1031102.8614.3∃10317.13485.67∃103,5∃105t,25GWe[6]1000tswu,,,∀#,,,,,(MOX),[6]205020069,EAST,200kA(),3s,20096,A(HL-2A),HL-2AEAST[79]3.2,;;,,,:,[10],,,;,500~1000m,,1,[11],,%268%305[12,13]:(19851998)(19992005)(2006)202021,[14,15],,,,,,3.3,,,4,,,,;,,,;,,,;,[16],:,,,,,,,3:1);2);3),[17]3.43.4.1(UNSCEAR)2000[18]C,PWRs()(50km400/km2),5Sv,,,1%[19],,3.4.21/3,2/36~10&,,,,,,,,[20],,,,,[21][2227],,;,,,%269%:,,(),[28],,,,,[29]3.4.3,,[30],[31]4,21:1),,∀#,,,2),,1985,2050:20203),,,,,,:[1].[J].,2007,27(2):106112.[2].[J].,2007,(1):16.[3],.[J].,2004,(4):5154.[4].[J].,2007,27(1):15.[5],.2020[J].,2005,25(2):124130.[6],.[J].,2005,27(11):59.[7].∀#EAST[J].,2007,(3):243246.[8]..(EB/OL).[9].[J].,2009,(2):98105.[10].[J].,(32):49.[11],,.[J].,2000,(3):3944.[12],,,.[J].,2008,8(1):6367.[13],.[J].,2006,25(4):842847.[14].:[J].,2009,25(2):7177.[15].:[J].,2008,(3):5864.[16],.:[J].,2008,(2):1820.[17].[J].%270%305,2000,2(10):3340.[18](UNSCEAR).[R]//20001:.:,2002:179185.[19],,,.[J].,2006,(4):1619.[20].[J].,1990,12(6):2428.[21],,.[J].,2006,29():127.[22]ChenYH,LeeL.SummerphytoplanktoncommunitystructureintheKuroshiocurrentrelatedupwellingnortheastofTaiwan[J].Terrestrial,AtmosphericandOceanicSciences.1992,3(3):305319.[23],.[J].(),1993,23(2):2234.[24],,,.[J].,2006,25(2):912.[25],,.[J].,2001,20(3):4548.[26].[M].:,1996:11.[27]MarleneSE,GennJW,DonnaIP.Theeffectsofpowerplantpassageonzooplanktonmortalities:EightyearsofstudyattheDonaldC.CookNuclearPlant[J].WaterResearch,1986,20(6):725.[28],.[J].,2008,28(1):17.[29],,,.[J].(D),2000,30(6):663668.[30],,.[J].,2009,29(4):211217.[31].[J].,2004,2(4):315320.SeveralImportantIssuesshouldbeofAttentionduringChina∋sNuclearPowerDevelopmentYuFan1,ZhangYongxing1,YangDong2(1.ChinaInstituteofAtomicEnergy,Beijing102413;2.ChinaNuclearPowerDesignCompanyLtd,GuangdongShenzhen518045)Abstract:Developmentofnuclearenergyisdivided,inthispaper,intothreestages:initialdevelopment,stagnationandrevivalphases.Withthedepletionofoilandnaturalgas,attentiontoclimatewarmingsustainable,economicandenvironmentalindicatorsofnuclearenergy,nuclearenergyhasanewdevelopmentopportunity.Concerningradioactivecontamination,atthesametime,peopleshouldpayattentiontotheheatpollutionofcyclecoolingwaterandthemicroclimateinthelocalarea.Keywords:NuclearEnergy;SustainableDevelopment;EnvironmentalFactors;SeparationWork;NuclearSafety%271%: