古希腊乌托邦思想的起源与演变

古希腊乌托邦思想的起源与演变杨巨平乌托邦思想是古希腊重要文化遗产之一它源于荷马史诗,发展并成熟于古典时代后期与希腊化时代之初,先后出现了三种主要的类型其一是神话乌托邦,即诗人笔下所反映的人类对美好生活及境界的向往,具有神话传说的性质其二是政治乌托邦,即立足于对现实城邦的改造和重建,但其理想严重脱离实际,无法实现其三是自然乌托邦或远地乌托邦,即将人类生活的美景嵌置于遥远的海外孤岛之上正是这类乌托邦故事与柏拉图式的乌托邦理想对后世特别是16世纪以来的社会空想家产生了重要影响古希腊乌托邦起源演变,16!,,,∀#∃,,,,,∀#,!∃%E.%P.:∀#(Frank%E.ManuelandFritzieP.Manuel,UtopianThoughtintheWesternWorld),:1979,1∀#1516,∀#,∀#(1996,1)(Utopia)ou(),topos(),utopia,(noplaceornowhere)!,,,&&&,,,(),,,,11&9,,(Elysium)∃,∀#(Menelaes),,(Proteus):,(Argos)(Rhdamanthus)∋,,,,,,(:,,;,,,,∀#:,,,),(thePhancians)95!∃∋():∀#,IV.80&100;753:∀#(Homer,Odyssey),IV.561&569,,1960;:∀#,1998,720&771,():∀#,75,,,,,;∀#∀#∃∀#,%∀#,(wellspringsPartIPartII)%∀&&&#(DoyneDawson,CitiesoftheGod:CommunistUtopiasinGreekThought,1992):,;,53,,,!&&&(Syria),,,,,,∃(),,,,,,,,,,∋,,,,,,,,(theislandoftheblessed),(Kronos)(,,(),∀#,,,,(&&&),,(alldeedsofwrong),,(tower)),,,,,,,∗,,,,,9620036!∃∋()∗:∀#,∀#19934:∀#(Pindar,OlympianOdes),II.65&70,,1961:∀#,155&169;6:∀#(Hesiod,WorksandDays),110&130,,1959;,1996,5,:∀#,XV.400&410;986:∀#,VI.200&205;808,,!,,,,,,,,:,,++++∃,,,,&&&,,,,,,()∀#,∀#414,,,,,,,,∋;,:,;++,,(,,,,),,97!∃∋():∀#,1312&1322:∀#,1087&1110:∀#(Aristophanes,Bird),752&768,,1961;∀#,,1998,451&452:∀%%#(Pindar,Fragments,Dirges,Elysium),,1961:∀#,II.70&75,,,&&&,,,,,()∀#,,,,,,,,!∀#,∀#,:(),;(),;,,,,,,,,,,,∀#:1,,,,2,,,,,,,,,,,∃,,,,,,,,,,,,∋,,,,9820036!∃∋:∀#,496C&D;247&248:∀#,422E&423A;137:∀#,i&ii,1996:;,,()413/404&423,,,,,,,,,,,∀#(Politeia),,∀#,!∀#,,,,,:∃,,,,,,∋,,,(,,,,,,(Cannibalism)),,,,∗,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,()(335&263)(365&285)99!∃∋()∗%:∀#,VI.73.%E.:∀#(LuisE.Navia,ClassicalCynicism),,1996,101(thewise)(sophist),,:∀#(H.D.Rankin,Sophists,SocraticsandCynics),,1983,273%:∀#(DiogenesLaertius,LivesofEminentPhilosophers),VI.72,,1958:∀#,2002,146&147,∀#,∀#,(Cynosura)!,,∃,∀#,%∀#,,,,,,;;;,∋,,,(,);,;,,,,(Cosmopolis),,,(),,,&&&,,,,,,,∀#(Atlantis)(()Pera10020036!∃∋(:∀#(Plato,Critias),,1961%:∀#,VII.3233131129%R.:∀#(DonaldR.Dudley,AHistoryofCynicism),1937,98;%:∀#(AndrewErskine,TheHellenisticStoa),1990,15%:∀#,VII.4,Pera,,,,,,,!,,!s∃,pera,,,,(),300∀#(SacredInscription,SacredHistory),,,,:,,,∋,:,,,,,,,,,,()3,,,∀#(Oceanica),(HappyIsland),,,,,,,,,,400,150,,,,,101!∃∋:∀#(Diodorus,TheLibraryofHistory)V.41&46,,1961!s,,pera%:∀#,VI.85;%R.:∀#,44;:∀#236150,,!,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Pera,16,,,[本文作者杨巨平,山西大学历史系教授太原030006](责任编辑:段启增)10220036!:∀#II.53&60.