【锂电池和超级电容器车辆应用】

LithiumBatteriesandSupercapacitorsforVehicleApplicationsAndrewBurkeUniversityofCalifornia-DavisInstituteofTransportationStudiesNovember2008Tutorialatthe26thInternationalBatterySeminarFortLauderdale,FloridaMarch16,2009OutlineoftheTutorial1.Introductionandscope2.Lithium-ionbatteriesa)Chemistriestoconsiderb)Cellandmoduleperformance(testdata)c)Designtrade-offsandselectioncriteria3.Supercapacitorsa)Availableproducts–carbon/carbonandhybriddevicesb)Cellandmoduleperformance(testdata)4.Advancedenergystoragetechnologiesa)Batteriesb)SupercapacitorsOutlineoftheTutorial(cont.)5.Vehicledesignsandsimulationsa)HEVs,PHEVs,andEVsb)Batteryandsupercapacitorinputsc)CombinationsofbatteriesandcapacitorsEnergystoragerequirementsforvarioustransportationapplicationsenergystored(kWh),peakpower(kW),systemvoltagepackweight(kg)andvolume(L)cellcharacteristics:Ah,resistance,geometricshapeWh/kg,Wh/L,W/kginitialcost($/kWh)cycleandcalendarlifeStatusofthetechnologyforbatteriesandsupercapacitorsTherearelargeworldwideeffortstodevelopadvancedbatteriesforvehicleapplicationsandindicationsarethatthelargebatterycompaniesareexpandingproductioncapabilitiestomeetvehiclemarketsPresentstatusoflithiumbatteriesCylindrical–woundandhardpackagedPrismatic-laminatedandhard/softpackagedManufacturerTechnologytypeAhVoltagerangeWh/kgat300W/kgW/kg/Wh/kg75%effic.W/kg/Wh/kg90%effic.K2Ironphosphate2.43.65-2.08616.47.8EIGIronphosphate10.515.73.65-2.08311517.916.88.58.0A123Ironphosphate2.13.6-2.58827.313EIGGraphite/NiCoMnO2184.2-3.014016.76.4GAIAGraphite/Li(NiCo)O2424.1-3.09438.918.5QuallionGraphite/Mnspinel1.84.2-3.01447.13.42.34.2-3.01704.42.2AltairnanoLiTitanate/NiCoAlMn112.8-1.57020.69.8522.8-1.55712.66.0EIGLiTitanate/LiMnO211.62.7-1.5434119.6ManybatterydevelopersandpotentialsuppliersworldwideSeverallithiumbatterychemistriesarebeingdevelopedThesebatterieswerealltestedatUCDavisQuallionK2solutionsValenceSelectedcylindricalLithiumcells12.8V,40Ah,6.3kg,84Wh/kg12VModulefromValenceIronPhosphate2.8V,11Ah2.8V,2.5AhAltairnanoLithiumtitanateoxideLithium-ioncellsLithiumTitanateOxidecellsfromAltairnanoLithiumtitanateoxide50Ah1.6kgAltairnano–50Ahcell16V,88AhmoduleAltairnanoLithiumtitanateoxideLithium-ionbatteryGraphite/MnO218AhLithiumtitanate12.5AhIronphosphate15AhBatterycellsofvariousLithiumchemistriesfromEIGEIG72VModulesNiCOMnO2andIronphosphateModulesincludecoolingfansandbatterymanagementhardware/softwareThunderSky/ChinacellLithiumironPhosphate260AhTestproceduresandapproachStartwithcells,thenmodules,thenpacksConstantcurrentandthenconstantpowerPulsetestsatvariousSOCTestingwithbatterymanagement/monitoringunitsPulsepowercycle(drivingsimulation)tests–CD,CSLifecycletestsFastchargingPeakpowerrelationshipsforbatteriesandUltracapacitorsMatchedimpedancepulsesV=Voc–I*RPmax=V2oc/4*RHighEfficiencyPulsesBatteriesEF=V/Voc=1–I*R/VocP=EF*(1-EF)*V2oc/RPeakpowerrelations(cont.)UltracapacitorsDischargefromV0toV0/2,Vav=¾V0EF=V/Videal=1-I*R/(3/4V0)P=9/16*(1-EF)*(V2oc/R)Peakpowerdensity:W/kg=Ppulse/BatteryweightEffectofdischargeefficiencyonpeakpowerdensity(W/kg)EFP/Pmat.imped.00.95.19.90.36.80.64.70.84.60.96.501.0P/Pmatchedimpedance=EF(1–EF)/.25A123Lithium-ioncell(IronPhosphatepositiveelectrode)A123celltestresultsConstantcurrentdischarge3.6Vto2.5VI(A)Time(sec)AhCrate514852.062.4107392.054.9203762.099.6302472.0614.6Chargeat3A,10A,and30A,taperto.2Aat3.6VConstantpowerdischarge3.6Vto2.5VPower(W)W/kgTime(sec)WhWh/kg2231410136.1988.4324576625.8884.0527423905.6380.48211712315.2675.110214571805.172.9Weight:70gChargeat3A,10A,and30A,taperto.2Aat3.6VResistancefrompulsetests:11-13mOhm,Rav=.012OhmMatchedimpedancepowerdensity:V2/4R/weight=3.85kW/kg95%efficientpulse:EF(1-EF)V2/R/weight=733W/kgCharacteristicsoftheA123cell(continued)Graphite/MnO218AhLithiumtitanate12.5AhIronphosphate15AhBatterycellsofvariousLithiumchemistriesfromEIGTestdatafortheEIGgraphite/NiCoMnO2cellWeight.45kg4.2V-3.0VPower(W)W/kgTime(sec)WhWh/kg50111456063.0140.790200248662.1138.0120267190663.5141Current(A)Time(sec)AhCrate203242181.140160217.82.260106517.83.3Resistance3secpulsesmOhmSOCVoc100A250A(W/kg)90%eff.100%4.113.23.12106950%3.672.93.1289520%3.523.63.3718PulsecharacteristicsoftheCO20Acellat250Aatvariousstates-of-chargeVocDOD%V2secEffic.%RmOhmPowerWW/kg4.1203.3380.83.1683318503.98103.2481.42.9681018003.88203.1480.92.9678517443.78303.0681.02.8876517003.72402.9880.12.9674516553.67502.9079.03.0872516113.63602.8478.23.1671015783.59702.7476.33.468515223.54/100A803.1889.83.63187063.48/100A902.9685.15.2296658EIG11AhIronPhosphatecellWeight.325kg3.65-2.0VPower(W)W/kgTime(sec)WhWh/kg3092349829.2089.760185164027.384.010030897026.982.8Current(A)Time(sec)AhCrate11339610.481.052017819.891.9408709.673.8Resistance3secpulsesmOhmVoc75A100A1503.313.53.293.63.63.473.244.24.14.1EIG15Ahironphosphatecell(2ndgeneration)FO15AWeight.424kg3.65-2.0VPower(W)W/kgTime(sec)WhWh/kg62142285449.5117102240169448.011320247680345.110630271251943.510340194537441.798Current(A)Time(sec)AhCrateResistancemOhm15377615.7.9530184715.41.952.5*10054815.26.620027215.113.230