翻译教程Chapter-6

Chapter6TheUnitofTranslationandDiscourseAnalysisThegeneralpropertiesofatext•thetone•theintentionofthetext•yourownintentionasatranslator•thetypeofthetext•thequalityofthewriting•thepermanentfeaturesofthewriter(dialect,sociolect,period,sex,age,etc)•thesituationlinkedtothereadership•thedegreeofformality•generalityortechnicality•emotionaltone-saytheregisterandthepragmaticfeatures.Coherence•Considerfirstitsgenre•Next,considerthestructureofthetext•thestructureofthetext:athesis,anantithesisandasynthesis;anintroduction,anentryintothesubject,aspectsandexamples,aconclusion;asetting,acomplication,aresolution,anevaluation;adefinitionoftheargumentofthetitle,theprosandcons,andtheconclusion;abuild-up,aclimax,andadenouement;aretrospect,anexposition,aprospect.Punctuation•Punctuationcanbepotent,butissoeasilyoverlooked.Weshouldmakeaseparatecomparativepunctuationcheckontheirversionandtheoriginal.•Punctuationisanessentialaspectofdiscourseanalysis,sinceitgivesasemanticindicationoftherelationshipbetweensentencesandclauses.COHESION•Nextweconsidertherelationsbetweensentences.Themostcommonformsthesetakeareconnectivesdenotingaddition,contradiction,contrast,result,etc.•Germannotablyusesmodalconnectives.•EnglishtendtoturnSLcomplexintoco-ordinatesentencesonthelines.OTHERCONNECTIVES•Linguisticsynonymsarealsousedasacohesivedevicetoavoidrepetition,particularlyinareinforcingsentence.FUNCTIONALSENTENCEPERSPECTIVE•Functionalsentenceperspective(FSP)examinesthearrangementoftheelementsofasentenceinthelightofitslinguistic,situationalandculturalcontext,determiningitsfunctionwithintheparagraphandthetext.•Elementsthatbelongneithertothemenorrhemearetransitional.Thethematicelementsarecommunicativelylessdynamic,thereforecarryasmalleramountofCDthantherhematicelements.•Normallyoneproceedsfromtheknowntotheunknown:onebeginswiththetheme,andthereforethenewelementswiththehighestdegreeofCDcomelastinasentence•Inconsideringthefunctional,semanticandsyntacticaspectsofasentence,thetranslatormayhavetoweighthewriter'sfunctionalpurposesagainsttheparticularlanguage'sword-ordertendencies(notrules)•FurtheraspectsofFSPwhichareofinteresttoatranslatorarethevariousdevicesforheighteningorfrustratingexpectation,whichmaydifferintwolanguages.CONTRASTS•Climaxorfocuscanalsobemarkedbyanegative-positivesequence,wherethenegativeislikelytointroduceanoppositeoraheightenedmeaning.Contrastsoroppositionsareoneofthemostpowerfulcohesivefactorsindiscourse.Othertypesofcontrastarenormallysignalledbycomparativesandsuperlatives.THELOWERUNITSOFTRANSLATION•Withinthesentence,therearefivepossiblesub-unitsoftranslation:•themorpheme,thesmallestunitofmeaning,neednotbetakenseriously,exceptinthecasesofprefixes•theclauseandthegrouparegrammatical•thecollocationandthewordarelexical.