introduction-Cohesion-in-English

IntroductionofCohesioninEnglish《英语中的衔接》2Content1、BackgroundThetheoryofcohesionandSFLCohesioninEnglish2、theconceptofcohesionwithsometermstext,texture,ties,cohesion3、cohesionandlinguisticstructureTextureandstructureCohesionwithinthesentenceCohesionanddiscoursestructure31、Background1.1ThetheoryofcohesionandSFLHalliday(1985)hasdescribedthreemajorfunctionalsemanticcomponentsinSFL:theIdeational;theInterpersonal;theTextual概念功能作用于主体与客体，人际功能作用于主体之间，而语篇功能则是对语言表达的概念与人际功能（意义）进行组织，辅助上述两种功能（意义）的实现。虽然三者的角色不同、侧重点不同，但都是关于言语者之间基于一定的目的，围绕某个“内容”，借助语篇这一载体进行的交际行为的描述。——胡壮麟衔接不能完全保证语篇连贯，但对语篇连贯起重要作用。——Halliday41、Background1.2CohesioninEnglishItisafterthepublicationofCohesioninEnglish(1976)writtenbyHallidayandHasanthatcoherencebecameanimportanttopic.本书标志着衔接理论的创立。——朱永生本书确立了衔接在语言系统中的地位，明确在语篇连贯中的作用。它不是一个情景概念,也不是一个形式概念,而是一个意义概念。在语篇连贯中,它起促成作用,使衔接机制成为语篇连贯的标记。它同样是一个广义的意义概念,是语篇在各个层次上衔接和在语境中发挥适当作用的总体效应。——张德禄51、Background1.2CohesioninEnglishPartOne:Introduction(chapter1)Itfirstclarifiestheconceptofcohesionandthendiscussesthedomainofcohesionanditsplaceinlinguisticstructureandcontext.PartTwo:CohesiveRelation(chapters2-6)Fivetypesofcohesiverelationarediscussedrespectivelyinthispart.Theyarereference,substitution,ellipsis,conjunctionandlexicalcohesion.PartThree:MoreaboutCohesion(chapters7-8)Itfirstresumesthediscussionoftextandthenprovidesusmoresupplementaryideasaboutcohesion.TheunderstandingofthisexcerptlaysfoundationforgraspingHalliday'scohesiontheory.62、theconceptofcohesionwithsometerms2.1Text（语篇）Textinlinguisticsreferstoanypassage,spokenorwritten,ofwhateverlength,thatdoesformaunifiedwhole.Atextisaunitoflanguageinuse.Itisnotsomethingthatislikeasentence,onlybigger;itissomethingthatdiffersfromasentenceinkind.Textcanbebestregardedasasemanticunit:aunitnotofformbutofmeaning.Thusitisrelatedtoaclauseorasentencenotbysizebutbyrealization,thecodingofonesymbolicsysteminanother.Atextdoesnotconsistofsentences;itisrealizedby,orencodedin,sentences.72、theconceptofcohesionwithsometerms2.2Texture（语篇性）TheconceptofTEXTUREisentirelyappropriatetoexpressthepropertyof‘beingatext’.Atexthastexture,andthisiswhatdistinguishesitfromsomethingthatisnotatext.Itderivesthistexturefromthefactthatitfunctionsasaunitywithrespecttoitsenvironment.WhatweareinvestigatingherearetheresourcesthatEnglishhasforcrestingtexture.e.g.1、Washandcoresixcookingapples.Putthemintoafireproofdish.82.2TextureThetextureisprovidedbythecohesiverelationthatexistsbetweenthemandsixcookingapples.Thecohesioniseffectednotbythepresenceofthereferringitemalonebutbythepresenceofboththereferringitemandtheitemthatitrefersto.Thetwoitemsareidenticalinreference,orcoreferential.e.g.2、Washandcoresixcookingapples.Puttheapplesintoafireproofdish.Heretheitemfunctioningcohesivelyistheapples,whichworksbyrepetitionofthewordapples.92、theconceptofcohesionwithsometerms2.3Ties（纽带）ThetermTIEreferstoasingleinstanceofcohesion,atermforoneoccurrenceofapairofcohesivelyrelateditems.Wecancharacterizeanysegmentofatextintermsofthenumberandkindsofties.e.g.1、referenceVSe.g.2、referenceandrepetitionFunctionofties:theconceptofatiemakesitpossibletoanalyzeatextintermsofitscohesiveproperties,andgiveasystemicaccountofitspatternsoftexture.Fivetypesofcohesiverelationarereference,substitution,ellipsis,conjunctionandlexicalcohesion.102、theconceptofcohesionwithsometerms2.4Cohesion（衔接）HallidayandHasandefinedcohesionasasemanticconcept;itrefersto“relationsofmeaningthatexistwithinthetext,andthatdefineitasatext”(1976:4).（存在于篇章内部，使之成为语篇的意义关系。）Forthemitreferstorelationofmeaningthat:existswithintext;givesthetexttexture;definesthetextastext112.4CohesionWhydoweneedcohesion?Howiscohesionsetup?Whyistheconceptofcohesionasemanticone?Howiscohesionexpressed?122.4.1Whydoweneedcohesion?Thereisonespecifickindofmeaningrelationthatiscriticalforthecreationoftexture:thatinwhichoneelementisinterpretedbyreferencetoanother.Whatcohesionhastodowithisthewayinwhichthemeaningoftheelementisinterpreted.Wheretheinterpretationofanyiteminthediscourserequiresmakingreferencetosomeotheriteminthediscourse,thereiscohesion.Compare:e.g.3、Hesaidso.e.g.4、Johnsaideverything.Theseshowthatcohesionisarelationalconcept;itisnotthepresenceofaparticularclassofitemthatiscohesive,buttherelationbetweenoneitemandanother.132.4.2Howiscohesionsetup?CohesionoccurswheretheINTERPRETATIONofsomeelementinthediscourseisdependentonthatofanother.TheonePRESUPPOSEStheother,inthesensethatitcannotbeeffectivelydecodedexceptbyrecoursetoit.Whenthishappens,arelationofcohesionissetup,andthetwoelements,thepresupposingandthepresupposed,aretherebyatleastpotentiallyintegratedintoatext.Thisisanotherwayofapproachingthenotionofatie.e.g.1、Washandcoresixcookingapples.Putthemintoafireproofdish.142.4.3Whyistheconceptofcohesionasemanticone?e.g.5、Jansatdowntorestatthefootofahugebeech-tree.Nowhewassotiredthathesoonfellasleep;andaleaffellonhim,andthenanother,andthenanother,andbeforelonghewascoveredalloverwithleaves,yellow,goldenandbrown.Thisillustratestheforceofcohesion;anditalsoillustratesthefactthatcohesiondependsnotonthepresenceo