《计算机英语(第4版)》课后练习参考答案

..UnitFour/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.Informationengineeringemphasizesamodelingtoolcalledentityrelationshipdiagrams.2.Oneofthedisadvantagesofmodel-drivendevelopmentisthelongdurationofprojects.3.Unlikestructuredanalysisanddesignandinformationengineering,object-orientedanalysisanddesignattempttoemergethedataandprocessconcernsintosingularconstructscalledobjects.4.Unlikelogicalmodels,physicalmodelsshownotonlywhatasystemisordoes,butalsohowthesystemisphysicallyandtechnicallyimplemented.II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.checkbox复选框.选择框.校验框2.structureddesign结构化设计3.buildingblock积木块.构建模块.构件4.databaseschema数据库模式5.radiobutton单选（按）钮6.系统建模技术systemmodelingtechnique7.模型驱动开发model-drivendevelopment8.数据流程图dataflowdiagram9.下拉式菜单drop-down(或pull-down)menu10.滚动条scrollbarUnitFive:SoftwareProcessUnitFive/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.Newsoftwaremaybedevelopedfromscratchorthroughtheuseofexisting..systemsandoff-the-shelfsoftwareorsystemcomponents.2.Thethreegenericprocessmodelsdiscussedinthetextareoftencomplementaryratherthanmutuallyexclusive,especiallyforlargesystemdevelopment.3.Thewaterfallmodelissonamedbecauseofthecascadefromonephasetoanotherinthesoftwaredevelopmentprocess.4.Thefundamentaldevelopmentactivitiesofthewaterfallmodelarerequirementsanalysisanddefinition,systemandsoftwaredesign,implementationandunittesting,integrationandsystemtesting,andoperationandmaintenance.5.Thetwofundamentaltypesofevolutionarydevelopmentareexploratorydevelopmentandthrowawayprototyping.6.Theevolutionaryapproachisoftenmoreeffectivethanthewaterfallapproachinproducingsystemsthatmeettheimmediateneedsofcustomers,butitisdifficulttoestablisha(n)stablesystemarchitectureusingthisapproach.7.CBSEisa(n)reuse-orientedapproachtosoftwaredevelopment,whichreliesonalargebaseofreusablesoftwarecomponentsandanintegratingframeworkforthesecomponents.8.WhileCBSEcanreducetheamountofsoftwaretobedevelopedandtheassociatedcostandrisks,itcannotavoidrequirementscompromiseswhichmayleadtoasystemthatdoesnotmeettherealneedsofusers.II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.systemspecification系统规格说明2.unittesting单位（或单元、部件）测试3.softwarelifecycle软件生命周期（或生存周期）4.systemvalidationtesting系统验证测试5.evolutionarydevelopmentprocess演化开发过程6.linearmodel线性模型7.programunit程序单元8.throwawayprototype抛弃式原型..9.textformatting正文格式编排.文本格式化10.systemevolution系统演变11.系统设计范例systemdesignparadigm12.需求分析与定义requirementsanalysisanddefinition13.探索式编程方法exploratoryprogrammingapproach14.系统文件编制systemdocumentation15.瀑布模型waterfallmodel16.系统集成systemintegration17.商用现成软件commercialoff-the-shelf(或COTS)software18.基于组件的软件工程component-basedsoftwareengineering(CBSE)19.软件维护工具softwaremaintenancetool20.软件复用softwarereuseIV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:Softwareprocessesarecomplexand,likeallintellectualandcreativeprocesses,relyonpeoplemakingdecisionsandjudgments.Becauseoftheneedforjudgmentandcreativity,attemptstoautomatesoftwareprocesseshavemetwithlimitedsuccess.Computer-aidedsoftwareengineering(CASE)toolscansupportsomeprocessactivities.However,thereisnopossibility,atleastinthenextfewyears,ofmoreextensiveautomationwheresoftwaretakesovercreativedesignfromtheengineersinvolvedinthesoftwareprocess.OnereasontheeffectivenessofCASEtoolsislimitedisbecauseoftheimmensediversityofsoftwareprocesses.Thereisnoidealprocess,andmanyorganizationhavedevelopedtheirownapproachtosoftwaredevelopment.Processeshaveevolvedtoexploitthecapabilitiesofthepeopleinanorganizationandthespecificcharacteristicsofthesystemsthatarebeingdeveloped.Forsomesystems,averystructureddevelopmentprocessisrequiredwhileforothersaflexible,agileprocessislikelytobemoreeffective.软件过程比较复杂.而且像所有其他的智能和创造性过程一样.依靠人们作出决定和判断。由于需要判断和创造性.使软件过程自动化的尝试只取得了有限的成功。计算机辅助软件工程工具可支持软件过程的某些活动。然而.至少是在未来几年内.不可能实..现更广泛的软件过程自动化.使软件能够接替参与软件过程的工程师来从事创造性设计。计算机辅助软件工程工具的有效性有限.原因之一是软件过程多种多样。不存在理想的过程.而且许多组织机构发展了自己的软件开发方法。软件过程不断演变.以利用组织机构中的人员的能力和开发中的系统的具体特点。对于一些系统来说.需要的是一个高度结构化的开发过程.而对于另外一些系统来说.一个灵活敏捷的过程很可能更为有效。UnitSix:DatabaseUnitSix/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.Datastoragetraditionallyusedindividual,unrelatedfiles,sometimescalledflatfiles.2.Accordingtothetext,aDBMSisacombinationoffivecomponents:hardware,software,data,users,andprocedures.3.AsfarasaDBMSisconcerned,userscanrefertobothendusersandapplicationprograms,andenduserscanrefertobothdatabaseadministratorsandnormaluser.4.Thethree-levelarchitectureforaDBMSdiscussedinthetextconsistsoftheinternal,conceptual,andexternallevels.5.Intherelationaldatabasemodels,dataisorganizedintwo-dimensionaltablescalledrelations.6.Adistributeddatabasecanbeclassifiedeitherasafragmenteddistributeddatabaseorasareplicateddistributeddatabase.7.Whiletryingtokeeptheadvantagesoftherelationalmodel,anobject-orienteddatabaseallowsapplicationstoaccessstructureddata.8.Animportantstepinthedesignofadatabaseinvolvesthebuildingofa(n)entity-relationshipmodelthatdefinestheentitiesforwhichsomeinformationmustbemaintained,theattributesof