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Unit1TheEvolutionofTransport交通工具的演化Theevolutionoftransporthasbeencloselylinkedtothedevelopmentofhumankindthroughouttheearth’shistory.Transport’searlyfunctionwastomeetthebasicneedofhaulingfoodsuppliesandbuildingmaterials.Butwiththeformationoftribes,thenpeoples,andfinallynations,thesocietalandeconomicfunctionsoftransportbecamemoreandmorecomplex.Atfirsttherewasmobilityrequiredforindividuals,clans,households,andanimalstoprotectthemagainst,andtoescapefrom,thedangersofnaturaldisastersandtribalaggressions,andinthesearchforthebestplacestosettle.Astribalgroupsformedandgraduallyestablishedtheirgeographicalidentity,transportwasincreasinglyneededtoopenupregionsfordevelopment,toprovideaccesstonaturalresources,topromoteintercommunaltrade,andtomobilizeterritorialdefense.Whenthefirstnationscameintobeing,transportplayedamajorroleinestablishingnationalintegrity.交通工具的演变紧密相连的人类在整个地球的历史发展。运输署早期功能是满足基本需要搬运粮食供应和建材等领域。但随着部落,然后人民,和最后国家形成,运输的社会和经济功能变得越来越复杂。在第一次有流动性所需的个人、宗族、家庭和动物保护他们免遭,和逃避危险自然灾害和部落的侵略行为,并在寻找最好的地方定居。部落群体形成和逐步确立其地理特征,运输日益需要开放地区的发展,以提供对天然资源,促进族裔间的贸易,并调动本土防卫的访问。当第一次的联合国应运而生时,运输发挥了重要的作用,建立民族气节Afterbasicsocietalneedshadgenerallybeenattendedto,localcommunitiescouldincreasinglydevotetheireffortstoenhancingtheireconomic,cultural,andtechnologicaldevelopmentthroughtradelinkswithotherpeoplesandregions.Again,transportprovidedthemobilityrequiredforsuchintertribal,international,andfinallyintercontinentalculturalexchangeandtrade.Duringallofthisgradualdevelopmenttowardanorganizedhumansociety,representedtodaythroughtheinternationalfamilyofnations,transportasphysicalprocessofmovingpeopleandgoods,thuspromotingsuchdevelopment,continuouslyunderwenttechnologicalandorganizationalchanges.Suchchangeswereinducedbyseveralfactorsandcircumstances.Infact,today’stransportinitsvariousformsandorganizationalarrangementsremainshighlysubjecttochangesinresponsetosocietalrequirementsandpreferences.基本社会需求大体上已照顾到后,当地社区可能会越来越多地致力于加强贸易联系通过与其他民族和地区经济、文化和科技发展共同。再次,运输提供所需的这种部落之间、国际和洲际最后的文化交流和贸易的流动。在所有有组织的人类社会,今天代表国际大家庭,交通工具的移动人员和货物,物理过程,从而促进这种发展,通过向此逐步发展的过程中不断发生了技术和组织的变化。这种变化是几个因素及环境所致。事实上,今天的各种形式和组织安排运输仍高度受回应社会需求和偏好的变化。Clearly,thefirstandforemostcriteriontobesatisfiedbytransportwasefficiency.Forcenturies,andparticularlyduringthetakeoffstagesoflocaleconomics,societyrequiredreliable,fast,andlowcosttransport.Thesearchforappropriatetechnologieswasrelativelyunconstrained.Thereweretimesinhumanhistorywhenthedemandforreliableandfasttransportwasespeciallypronounced,andquicksolutionswererequiredfornationalself-defense.Duringsuchperiodsoflocalandinternationalconflict,humaningenuitydevisednewtransporttechnologieswhichoftenprovedtobethedecisiveelementforsurvival,andsometimesvictory.Subsequentlyrefinedanddeveloped,suchnewtechnologiesmadeitpossibletobettermeetincreasingtransportdemand,thusimprovingbotheconomicprogressandhumanwelfare.显然符合运输的首要准则是效率。几百年来,特别是在本地经济的起飞阶段期间,社会需要快速、可靠、和低成本的运输。寻找合适的技术是相对无约束。倍时,在人类历史上尤为突出的可靠、快速的运输需求,并快速解决方案所需的国家自卫。在这样的地方和国际冲突的时期人类智慧制定新运输技术往往证明的生存空间,有时胜利的决定性因素。随后改进和发展,这种新技术使能够更好地满足日益增加的交通需求,从而提高经济进步和人类福祉。Theneedforbetterstrategicmobilityinducedeffortstoimproveseaandlandtransport.Thisresultedinbiggerandfastershipsandmorereliableandsturdylandvehicles.Eventually,self-propulsionwasintroduced,exemplifiedbysteamboats,therailways,andthentheautomobile.Researchanddevelopmentinthetransportfieldfinallybecameanorganizedundertakingwithspecificgoalsandobjectives.Astheresultoftheconsequentconcentrationoftalentandexpertise,moreandmoresophisticatedtransporttechnologiesevolved,suchastheaircraftand,mostrecently,rocketpropulsion.需要更好的战略机动致努力提高海洋和陆地运输。这导致更大、更快的船舶和更可靠和坚固的陆地车辆。最终,自航引入,蒸汽机船、铁路和汽车的例子。在运输领域研发终于成为组织的承诺与特定的目标。作为随后浓度的人才及专业知识的结果,更多先进的传输技术如飞机和,最近,火箭推进发展。Thegradualevolutionofincreasinglysophisticatedmeansoftransportismanifestedbytoday'stransportsystems,whichincludeair,surface,andwatertransport.Specialindustryneedshaveledtothedevelopmentoftransportmodesthathaveratherlimitedapplications,suchaspipelines,cables,andbelts.Withincurrentsocietalneedsandpreferences,aswellastheeconomicrequirementsofcosteffectiveness,thevariousexistingtransportmodesgenerallyfulfillratherspecificfunctions.今天的表现是逐渐演化的日益复杂的交通工具's运输系统,其中包括空中、地面、和海上运输。而是有限的应用程序如管道、电缆和带的交通工具的发展导致特殊行业的需要。当前社会的需要和喜好,以及成本效益的经济上的要求,在现有的各种运输模式普遍达到而是特定的功能。Althoughtransport'spotentialtomeeteffectivelynumeroussocietalmobilityneedsimprovedcontinuously,itbecameevidentthatsucheffectivenesshaditsprice.Anumberoftransporttechnologiesimpliedhighenergyconsumptionandrequiredsubstantialcapitalinputsinproductionandoperation.Asaresult,severaltransportmodesbecameexpensivetotheuser.Thiscausedequityproblemsbecausechargesrequiredtocoveroperatingcostswerenotaffordablebyallpopulationgroups,thuslimitingtheirmobilityandwelfare.Manygovernmentschosetosubsidizetransport,butquicklyrealizedthatthebudgetimplicationsoftencausedseriousdistortionsintheirnationaleconomies.虽然运输的潜力以满足有效众多社会流动性需要不断改善,很明显这种有效性了它的价格。运输技术的一些暗示能耗高,所需大量资金投入生产和经营。因此,几个交通工具变得昂贵给用户。这造成了股权问题,因为业务费用所需的费用不是负担得起的所有人口群体,从而限制了他们的流动性和福利。许多国家的政府补贴交通工具,选择了,但很快意识到,所涉预算问题经常在自己国家的经济造成严重扭曲。Poll
本文标题:交通工程专业英语
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