选修8-unit-1-grammar

Unit1AlandofdiversityGrammar—TheNounClauses名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(NounClauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句(SubjectClause)、宾语从句(ObjectClause)、表语从句(PredicativeClause)和同位语从句(AppositiveClause•名词性从句的引导词分三种：连接词:that,whether,if连接词在从句中不做成分，that引导从句，不做成分，没有意义，whether和if也不做成分，意义为是否连接代词:what，which,who,whom,whose,whatever等连接代词在从句中一般做主语或宾语，也有定语和表语，并且有意义。连接副词包括when,where,why,how连接副词在从句中做状语，也有意义Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句主语从句一个句子在复合句中充当主语叫主语从句。e.g.Thattheearthisroundistrue.Whethershewillcomeornotisstillaquestion.Whatyouaredoingseemsverydifficult.Whentheywillstarthasnotbeendecidedyet.1.引导主语从句的连词是不能省略的。ThattheearthisroundistrueThat-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：Itistruethattheearthisround.It'sapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.你非走不可真是件憾事。2.Whether,ifWhethershewillcomeornotisstillaquestion.If引导的主语从句只能用it做形式主语，而把从句放在句末。e.g.Itisstillaquestionifshewillcomeornot.3.有时可用形式主语it代替主语从句：e.g.Itisstillaquestionwhethershewillcomeornot.Ithasnotbeendecidedyetwhentheywillstart.用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配：a.It+be+形容词+that-从句Itisnecessarythat…有必要……Itisimportantthat…重要的是……Itisobviousthat…很明显……b.It+be+-ed分词+that-从句Itisbelievedthat…人们相信……Itisknowntoallthat…从所周知……Ithasbeendecidedthat…已决定……c.It+不及物动词+that-分句Itappearsthat…似乎……Ithappensthat…碰巧……Itoccurredtomethat…我突然想起……1.____youdon’tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.WhoC.ThatD.if2.____hesaidatthemeetingastonishedeverybodypresent.A.WhatB.ThatC.ThefactD.Thematter练一练！3.____leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.A.AnyoneB.ThepersonC.WhoeverD.Who4._____thesportsmeetwillbehelddependsontheweather.A.WheneverB.IfC.WhetherD.That5.___isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It6.Whenandwhyhecamehere________yet.A.isnotknownB.arenotknownC.hasnotknownD.havenotbee7.AfterYangLiweisucceededincirclingtheearth,________ourastronautsdesiretodoistowalkinspace.A.whereB.whatC.thatD.how宾语从句•一个句子在复合句中充当宾语就叫宾语从句。•e.g.Doyouknowwhereheis?Idon’tknowwhether(if)youarewillingtohelpme.I’msorryforwhatIhavesaid.•我为我说的话表示歉意。•I’mglad(that)youhavepassedtheexam.(sure,pleased,afraid,surpried,sorry)特别提示1.由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。在双宾语的句子中，做直接宾语的从句中的that不可以省略。宾语从句中由it做形式宾语时。2.下列宾语从句必须用whether引导，不可用if:–a.从句后有ornot时，不可用if:Idon’tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.–b.介词宾语通常用whether引导:Itdependsonwhetherheiscomingornot.这要看他是否会来。c.后接动词不定式时。Canyoutellmewhethertogoortostay?你能否告诉我是去还是留？3.句子语序要用陈述语序。Doyouknowhowoldheis?Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.我想知道他告诉了你什么。Shealwaysthinksofhowshecanworkwell.她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。Shewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmsupport.凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。4.宾语从句的否定转移think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：Wedon’tthinkyouarehere.我们认为你不在这。Idon’tbelievehewilldoso.我相信他不会这样做。5.宾语从句的时态当主句是现在时或将来时的时候，宾语从句可以选择适当的时态；当主句是过去时的时候，宾语从句要用过去时态；当从句是客观真理时，不受主句时态限制。1.Heasked____foraviolin．（MET1992）A.didIpayhowmuchB.IpaidhowmuchC.howmuchdidIpayD.howmuchIpaid2．Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild_____heorshewants.(NMET1997)A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever3.LittleTomwasreluctanttotelltheschoolmaster____hehaddonethedaybefore.A.thatB.howC.whatD.where4.Theoldmansmiledwhenhesawhowpretty_____uptobeduringthepastfewyears.A.hadhisdaughtergrownB.wouldhisdaughtergrowC.hisdaughterwouldgrowD.hisdaughterhadgrown5.HaveyouseenMarylately?Mybosswantstoknow_______.A.howsheisgettingalongB.howisshegettingalongC.whatsheisgettingalongD.whatisshegettingalong6.Thetruevalueoflifeisnotin______,but_______.A.whichweget;whatgiveweB.whatweget;whatwegiveC.whichdoweget;whatdowegiveD.howweget;thatwegive7.Youcan’timagine______whentheyreceivedtheseniceChristmaspresents.A.howtheywereexcitedB.howexcitedtheywereC.howexcitedweretheyD.theywerehowexcited8.Doyouknow________?A.howmanypopulationsthereareintheworld?B.howmuchpopulationthereisintheworldC.howmanythepopulationoftheworldisD.whatthepopulationoftheworldis10.Doesanybodyknow__wewillhaveasportsmeetingthisweekendornot.A.ifB.whereC.whetherD.that11.Ifdependson____wewillbereadyintime.A.whetherB.thatC.ifD.when表语从句一个句子在复合句中充当表语就叫表语从句.表语从句放在连系动词后，如：be，seem,remain等。e.g.TheproblemisthatIamshortofmoney.Chinaisnolongerwhatsheusedtobe.Thequestionishowwecangetthere.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.看上去天要下雨了。ItwasbecauseIgotuplate.对表语从句我们要注意以下几点：1．表语从句的引导词有连接词that，whether，as，asif/though，because；连接代词who，whom,whose,what，which；连接副词when，where，why，how等。表语从句不用if引导.Itlooksasifitwillrain.天看起来好像要下雨。2．表语从句中，从句的语序也要用陈述语序。ThatiswhyhewenttoAmerica.那就是他去美国的原因。4.主语是reason时，表语从句常用that，不用because.Thereasonforhisabsencewasthathewasill.5.主句主语是表示建议，要求，命令等，advice，suggestion，order，request，requirement等时，表语从句的谓语动词用should+v1.Whatthedoctorsreallydoubtis_____mymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon．（上海2001年春季招生）A.whenB.howC.whetherD.why2.----IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.----Isthat______youhadafewdaysoff?(NMET1999)A.whyB.whatC.whenD.where3.____shecouldn’tunderstandwas_____fewerandfewerstudentsshowedinterestinhe