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WordFormationIIITheMinorProcessesLiZhigangLessproductiveWord-formation1.Blending2.Clipping3.Acronymy4.Backformation5.Soundreduplication6.Commonizationofpropernames7.Analogy8.Onomatopoeia4.4Blending•Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.•ablendortelescopicwordorportmanteauword.•compoundingandabbreviation.Blending•hamburger•beefburger•cheeseburger•shrimpburger–newscast–(news+broadcast)–brunch–(breakfast+lunch)–talkathon–(talk+marathon)–videophone–(video+telephone)Pointouthowthefollowingwordsaremade.•smog•sci-fi•airtel•medicare•skylab1.smog(smoke+fog)2.sci-fi(science+fiction)3.airtel(air+hotel)4.medicare(medical+care)5.skylab(sky+laboratory)1.head+tail2.head+head3.head+word4.word+tail1head+tail•positron•(positiveelectron)•electrocution•(electronicexecution)•transceiver•(transmitterreceiver)•autocide•(automobilesuicide)•lunik•(lunarsputnik)•botel,motel,airtel,Spanglish,Japlish,brunch,Oxbridge,heliport,telecast2.Head+Head•comsat•(communication+satellite)•FORTRAN•(formula+translation•moped•(motor+pedal)•Sitcom•(situation+comedy)3head+word•docudrama•(documentary+drama)•telequiz•(telephone+quiz)•motown•(motortown)(NicknameforDetroit,Mich.)4.Word+tail•faction•(fact+fiction)•lunarnaut•(lunar+astronaut)•slimnastics•(slim+gymnastics)•workfare•(work+welfare)FeaturesofBlends1.Theoverwhelmingmajorityofblendsarenouns,veryfewareverbsandadjectivesareevenfewer.guestimate(guess+estimate)breathalyse(breath+analyse)fantabulous(fantastic+fabulous)2.Therelationofthecomponentsofablendcanbeclassifiedintotwokinds:(1)brunch(breakfastlunch)(2)psywar(psychologicalwarfare)3.particularlycommonincommercialandjournalisticlanguage(newspapersandmagazines)andinwritingrelatedtoscienceandtechnology4.slangandinformal.5.nonce-wordstatus•blaxploitation•black+exploitation•blaxploitationmovies•theblaxploitationgenreBlendingexercise•hi-fi•workaholic•stagflation•Unicom•sitcom•motel•dawk•high+fidelity•work+alcoholic•stagnation+inflation•United+Communications•situation+comedy•motor+hotel•dove+hawkQuestionsandtasks(p.96)•Blending•motel(motor+hotel)•humint(human+intelligence)•advertisetics(advertisement+statistics)•psywar(psychologicalwarfare)•hoverport(hovercraft+port)•chunnel(channel+tunnel)•hi-fi(high+fidelity)•cinemactress(cinema+actress)4.5ClippingItistheformationofnewwordsbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.Definition•Theprocessofclippinginvolvesthedeletionofoneormoresyllablesfromaword(usuallyanoun),whichisalsoavailableinitsfullform.1.Frontclipping2.Backclipping3.Frontandbackclipping4.PhraseclippingTypesofclipping1Frontclipping•quake•(earthquake)•copter•(helicopter)•bus•(omnibus)•phone•(telephone)2Backclipping•ad•(advertisement)•lib•(liberation)•prof•(professor)•dorm•(dormitory)•lab•(laboratory)•memo•(memorandum)3Frontandbackclipping•flu•(influenza)•tec•(detective)•fridge•(refrigerator)•jams•(pajamas)4Phraseclipping•pop•(popularmusic)•pub•(publichouse)•perm•(permanentwaves)•zoo•(zoologicalgarden)•Gents•(Gentlemen'sRoom)Featuresofclippings•bike(bicycle)•mike(microphone)•coke(Cocacola)•pram(perambulator)Featuresofclippings2Thesportsmanhasref(=referee).Theschoolgirlhasherhols(=holidays)andprep(=preparationofschoolwork).Butthecollegestudentshashisexam,prof,math,lab,trig(Trigonometry)andgym.Featuresofclippings3.omnibusaeroplanetaxicabFeaturesofclippings4informalandcolloquial.lunchluncheonFeaturesofclippings•5.•’cos(BrEbecause)•praps(perhaps)Featuresofclippings•6.•hanky(handkerchief)•comfy(comfortable)1.gymnasium2.dormitory3.handkerchief4.gasoline5.kilogram6.influenza7.business8.parachute9.refrigerator10.taxicab1.gym2.dorm3.hanky4.gas5.kilo6.flu7.biz8.chute9.fridge10.taxiorcabGiveclippingsforthefollowingwordsQuestionsandtasks(p.96)•Clipping•copter(helicopter)•dorm(dormitory)•lab(laboratory)•prefab(prefabricatedhouse)•gas(gasoline)•prof(professor)•scope(telescope)•champ(champion)•sarge(sergeant)•mike(microphone)•ad(advertisement)•tec(detective)4.6AcronymyAcronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofcompositenamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorphrasesusedastechnicalterms.1.initialisms2.acronymsInitialisms•Definition---Initialismsarewordsformedbyacronymyandpronouncedasasequenceofletters.•Twokindsofinitialisms1VOAVoiceofAmerica2TVtelevisionIDidentificationoridentitycardAcronyms•Atrueacronymisawordformedfromtheinitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword.•1Pureacronyms•lightamplificationbythestimulatedemissionofradiation•laser•NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization•NATO•self-containedunderwaterbreathingapparatus•scubaStructurally,3kindsofacronyms•2Hybridacronymsradar•radiodetectingandranging•3SyllabicacronymsDelmarva•(Delaware,Maryland,andVirginia)•Interpol•InternationalCriminalPoliceOrganizationEthicaldistinctionamongacronyms1.HonestacronymsTEFL–teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguageTESOL—teachingEnglishtospeakersofotherlanguages2.CounterfeitacronymsorretroacronymsPACE---performanceandcostevaluationSummary•E.T.Crowley’sAcronymsandInitialismsDictionary1stediti
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