语法专题3 定语从句(Ivan Fang)2

语法知识定语从句Grammar一、概念定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when,where,why等。二、用法1、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who(主格),whom（宾格）,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：a)他就是我昨天见到的那个人。①Heistheman.②Isawhimyesterday.HeisthemanwhomIsawyesterday.b)你认识站在那边的那个人吗？①Doyouknowtheman?②Heisstandingoverthere.Doyouknowthemanwhoisstandingoverthere?（）（）2）whose用来指人或物。例如：a)小明，他的父亲是工程师，是我们班级里最好的学生。（）①XiaoMingisthebeststudentinourclass.②Hisfatherisanengineer.XiaoMingwhosefatherisanengineeristhebeststudentinourclass.注意：定语从句应紧跟在先行词的后面（即定语从句所修饰的词）3）which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：a)这是我们去年参观的工厂。（）①Thisisthefactory.②Wevisiteditlastyear.Thisisthefactorywhich/thatwevisitedlastyear.可以省略说明：关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。b)这是去年建造的工厂。（）①Thisisthefactory.②Itwasbuiltlastyear.Thisisthefactorywhich/thatwasbuiltlastyear.不可以省略2、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。例如：a)我仍然记得我参军的那一天。（）①Istillremembertheday.②OnthatdayIjoinedthearmy.IstillrememberthedaywhenIjoinedthearmy.或IstillrememberthedayonwhichIjoinedthearmy.b)这就是我们去年住的房屋。（）①Thisisthehouse.②Welivedinitlastyear.Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.或Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.或Thisisthehousewhichwelivedinlastyear.c)你知道他迟到的原因吗？（）①Doyouknowthereason?②Hewaslateforthatreason.Doyouknowthereasonwhyhewaslate?或Doyouknowthereasonforwhichhewaslate?2）当先行词是指时间、地点或原因时，并非就用when,where,why来引导定语从句。例如：这是我们去年参观的地方。······①这是我们去年工作的地方。······②a)vt.vi.①Thisistheplacewhich/thatwevisitedlastyear.②Thisistheplacewhereweworkedlastyear.我仍然记得我入团的那一天。我仍然记得我们一起度过的那一天。b)①IstillrememberthedaywhenIjoinedtheLeague.②Istillrememberthedaythat/whichwespenttogether.3、判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.这是我去年呆过的山村。取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：I'llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone例1.Isthisthemuseum_____youvisitedafewdaysago?例2.Isthismuseum_____youvisitedafewdaysago?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theoneBDa)在therebe句型中，只用that，不用which。b)不定代词，如：anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。c)先行词有theonly,thevery修饰时，只用that。d)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级等修饰时，只用that。e)先行词既有人，又有物时。1.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone______familywaspoor.A.ofwhomB.whomC.ofwhoseD.whoseD2.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_____shecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhomD定语从句练习3.AfterlivinginPairsforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown____hegrewupasachild.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.whenB4.HelivedinLondonfor3months,during____timehelearnedsomeEnglish.A.thisB.whichC.thatD.sameB5.Ihadneitheraraincoatnoranumbrella._____Igotwetthrough.A.It’sthereasonB.That’swhyC.There’swhyD.It’showB6.Idon’tlike_____youspeaktoher.A.thewaythatB.thewayinthatC.thewaywhichD.thewayofthatA下面请看定语从句语法（二）4、关系代词that的用法1）不用that的情况介词后不能用。例如：Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.我们依赖土地获得食物。Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.2）只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况1.Thisisall____Iknowaboutthematter.A.thatB.whatC.whoD.whether2.Isthereanythingelse____youwant?A.whichB.thatC.whoD.what3.Thelastplace_____wevisitedwastheGreatWall.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.itABB4.Hetalkedhappilyaboutthemenandbooks_____interestedhimgreatlyintheschool.A.whichB.thatC.itD.whom5.Thereisnodictionary_____youcanfindeverything.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.inthat6.Thisisoneofthebestbooks___.A.thathaveeverbeenwrittenB.thathaseverbeenwrittenC.thathaswrittenD.thathavewrittenBAA7.Hewrotealettertome,tellingmeeverything____hesawonthewaytotheParis.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.where8.Isoxygen（氧气）theonlygas_____helpsfireburn?A.thatB./C.whichD.it9.Isthereanything_____toyou?A.thatisbelongedB.thatbelongsC.whichbelongsD.thatbelongBAB10.Thescientistandhisachieve-ments（成就）_____youtoldmeaboutareadmiredbyusall.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.whose11.Whichofthebooks_____wereborrowedfromhimisthebest?A.whichB.whatC.thatD.whoseBC先行词有下列情况或附有下列修饰语时，通常用关系代词that。1)先行词是all,no,none,everyone,something,much,little等。2)先行词前有序数词,形容词最高级或thelast,theonly等。3)如果先行词中既含有表示人的名词又有表示物的名词时。4)若主句中有疑问代词who,which为了避免重复,关系代词不要再用who,which.结论:1.Doyouknowwholivesinthebuilding_____thereisawell?A.infrontofitB.infrontofwhoseC.infrontofwhichD.infrontwhich2.I’llneverforgettheday____IjoinedtheLeague.A.onwhichB.inwhichC.whichD.atwhich3.Thewoman_____mybrotherspokejustnowismyteacher.A.whoB.towhomC.towhoD.whomCAB4.Jeannewasheroldfriend,____sheborrowedanecklace.A.fromwhoB.fromwhomC.tothatD.towhom5.Hisglasses,_____hewaslikeablindman（盲人）,felltothegroundandbrokeitsleg.A.whichB.withwhichC.withoutwhichD.thatBC6.Sheisateacherofmuchknow-ledge,_____muchcanbelearned.A.whoB.thatC.fromwhichD.fromwhom7.Hebuiltatelescope（望远镜）_____hecouldstudytheskies.A.inwhichB.withthatC.throughwhichD.byit8.Doyouknowthereason____hewaslate?D.forwhichA.thatB.whichC.forwhatDCD9.Ihaveboughttwoball-pens,____writeswell.A.noneofwhichB.neitherofwhichC.noneofthemD.neitherofthem10.Thisistheveryknife_____Iusedt