语言学简明教程Chapter_6

1Chapter6GrammarandText6.1IntroductionText(语篇)—achunkoflnguagespokenorwrittenforcommunicationinactualcircumstances.Atextissentencesofanylengthputtogether,withtexture.Texture(语篇织体)iswhatbindsatexttogether,intrinsicallyandcontextually.2Thischapterexploreshowgrammarisrelatedtotext.-----FunctionalGrammarM.A.K.HallidayMichaelAlexanderKirkwoodHalliday(oftenM.A.K.Halliday)(born1925)isaBritishlinguistwhodevelopedaninternationallyinfluentialgrammarmodel,thesystemicfunctionalgrammar(whichalsogoesbythenameofsystemicfunctionallinguistics[SFL]).3FunctionalGrammar:basicviews–Languageistheproductofsocialactivities.–Languageiswhatitisbecauseithastoservecertainsocialfunctions.SocialdemandsonLhashelpedtoshapeitsstructure.韩礼德认为语言的性质决定人们对语言的要求，即语言所必须完成的功能。尽管这种功能千变万化，我们可以把它们归纳为若干个有限的抽象的功能，这就是“纯理功能”或“元功能”，这是种种语言用途所固有的。纯理论功能包括三方面：ThreeMetafunctions:①Ideationalfunction（概念功能）②Interpersonalfunction（人际功能）③Textualfunction（语篇功能）4①Ideationalfunction（概念功能）:toconveynewinformationunknowntothehearer.语言是对存在于主客观世界的过程和事物的反映，这是“经验”功能。逻辑功能以表现为并列关系和从属关系的线性的循环结构的形式出现。由于两者都是建立于说话人对外部世界和内心世界的经验，与其它功能相比较是中性的，因而可统称为“概念”功能。“观察者”的功能（指说话人对主客观世界的观察）5Interpersonalfunction（人际功能）:toexpresssocialandpersonalrelations;thewaysspeakerentersintoaspeechsituationandperformsaspeechact.语言是社会人有意义的活动，是做事的手段，是动作，因此它的功能之一必然是反映人与人之间的关系，如反映说话人和听话人之间的社会地位和亲疏关系。这个纯理功能称为“人际”功能。“闯入者”的功能，（指向他人灌输自己的思想）6Textualfunction（语篇功能）:tomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingmessagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.实际使用中的语言的基本单位不是词或句这样的语法单位，而是表达相对完整思想的语篇。上述两种功能部分最后要由说话人把它们组织成语篇才能实现。这就是“语篇”功能。语篇功能满足了使实际应用中的语言前后相关联的要求，使实际的上下文具备一定的结构，从而使实际的篇章区别于语法或者词典中一个个孤立的条目。它提供了一系列潜在的可用的意义，使语言结构的组成成为可能。“相关”功能（指语篇的完整性、一致性和衔接性）。7Anexample（1）Johnsawahandbaginafield.Johnwalkedacrossafieldandpickedupahandbag.JohntookahandbagtothepolicestationandJohnhandedinahandbagaslostproperty.WhenJohnhandedahandbagaslostproperty,Johnwenthome.（2）Johnsawahandbaginafield.Hewalkedacrossthefieldandpickedupthehandbag.Hetookthehandbagtothepolicestationandhandeditinaslostproperty.Whenhehaddonethis，hewenthome.8ThematicstructureTextualfunctionInformationstructureCohesion96.2ThemeandTextualfunctionCompare:AhalfpennyisthesmallestEnglishcoin.ThesmallestEnglishcoinisahalfpenny.Themeisthepointofdepartureinasentence.Itistheelementwhichservestorelatethemessageofthesentencetotheunfoldingtext.TherestoftheclauseistheRheme.Theme+Rheme10Differentthemesshowthedifferentconcernsofthewriter,e.g.:(1)Thebutcherknifewasfoundinthegardenbythepolice.(bywho)(2)Thepolicefoundthebutcherknifeinthegarden.(where)(3)Inthegardenthepolicefoundthebutcherknife.(what)11Thematicprogression(主位推进模式)Themehasafunctionoforganizingtheinformationintoatext.Themeisconcernedwiththeorganizationofinformationwithinindividualclauseand,throughthis,withtheorganizationofthelargertext.Danes(1974)identifiedanumberofmodelsofThematicprogression:(1)Thecontinuousorconstantthemepattern(2)Thelinearthemepattern(3)Thesplitrhemepattern12(1)ThecontinuousorconstantthemepatternTheyarebasicallytimidorself-conscious.Theylackfranknessandareusuallyverysensitivebuthatetoadmitit.Theyaremotivatedeitherbygreatambitionorextremelaziness….AcommonthemeshardbyeachclauseandthisthemeequateswithGIVENinformation.13(2)ThelinearthemepatternThemilkgoesfirsttoaclarifier.Theclarfierisamachineforapplyingcentrifugalforce.Itconsistsofarapidlyrevolvingbowlcontainingseveraldiscs.Thediscsseparatethemilkintothinstreams.Thestreamsofmilkthenpassintoapreheater.Thepreheater……14(3)ThesplitrhemepatternForme,teachingisared-eye,sweaty-palm,sinkingstomachprofession.RedeyebecauseIneverfellreadytoteach,nomatterhow….Sweaty-palmbecauseI’malwaysnervousbeforeIwalkintothatclassroom….Sinkingstomach,becauseIwalkoutoftheclassroomanhourlaterandconvincedthatIwasevenmoreboringthanusual.15TypesofThemes:Accordingtothecomplexity,HallidayclassifiesThemeintothreekinds:simpleTheme,multipleThemeandclausalTheme.HallidaygivesadetailedanalysisonEnglishthematicstructure.StudytheexamplesonP116-7.16ExamplesofsimpleThemeThebusiscomingJohnandMariagotoschooltogetherOnthetable,underthebookliesapieceofpaperSimpleThemeRheme176.3InformationStructureAninformationunitconsistsofNEWandGIVENinformation;thenewbeingobligatoryandthegivenbeingoptional.GIVEN…andNEWinformationThesystemofinformationusesintonationtohighlightwhatisparticularlynewsworthyinthemessage.It’saFINEday//andwecanhaveanOUTing//tonegroup---theunitofinformationcontainingone,andonlyone,TONICSYLLABLE(调核音节)，tofocusthenewinformationinthetonegroup.18Twokindsofrhythminlanguage:SyllableTiming--thetimingofallsyllablestendstobeequal,regardlessoftheirstress.(Chinese)FootTiming(or:StressTiming)--innormalcontinuousspeech,thelengthoftimebetweenstressedsyllablesissimilarhowevermanyother(relativelylessaccentedsyllables)occurinbetween.(English)Foot(音步)startswithastressedsyllable,inthetonegroup,andendsbeforethenextstressedsyllable.19Arankscale:Tonegroup║Foot│SyllablePhonemePhone║The│girlover│there║whoisin│red║usedtobeour│monitor.║SeeP119ofyourcoursebook20Thetextualsystemo