语言学课件第十章语言习得ppt

Chapter10LANGUAGEACQUISITIONdefinitionlanguageacquisition----referstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity..differencesbetweenthetermofacquisitionandlearning•Thetermacquisition:thegradualdevelopmentofabilityinalanguagebyusingitnaturallyincommunicativesituations.•Thetermlearning:appliestoaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofthevocabularyandgrammarofalanguage,particularlythroughformalinstruction.differencesbetweenthetermofacquisitionandlearninglearningacquisitionintentionalprocessUnconsciousprocessPresupposesteachingDoesnotpresupposeteachingTeachercontrolspaceChildcontrolspaceusesgrammaticalrulesusesgrammaticalfeel语言习得：通常指在自然的语言环境中，通过旨在沟通意义的言语交际活动，不自觉地，自然地掌握或获得第一语言。典型的例子是儿童习得第一语言。语言学习：通常指在学校环境下，有专门的教师指导，严格按照教学大纲和课本，通过讲解，练习，记忆等活动，有计划，有系统，有意识地对语言规则的掌握。典型的例子是成人在学校学习第二语言。example:thesubjectMathematicsislearned,notacquired.wecannotseparatelanguagelearningfromacquisitioncompletely.Forthesecondlanguagelearners,learningplaysanimportantroleatthebeginning,thentheportionofacquisitionbeginstoincreasegraduallyinthelearningprocess.3differenttheoriesconcerningchildlanguageacquisition•thebehavioristview行为主义理论•theinnatistview语法积极天生主义理论•theinteractionistview互动主义理论thefocusoftheirdebateiswhethertheinnateabilityorthelanguageenvironmentplaysacrucialroleintheprocessofachild'slanguageacquisition.ThreemaindifferenttheoriesconcerninghowlanguageislearnedBehavioristviewInnatistviewthebehaviorist（行为主义论）•proposedbyB.F.Skinners(斯金纳)•Traditionalbehavioristsviewlanguageasbehaviorandbelievethatlanguagelearningissimplyamatterofimitationandhabitformation.ImitationRecognitionReinforcementtheoryofthebehavioristchildren'slanguageabilitycomesfromaseriesofstimulation.theygiveanreactionthroughimmitation,ifthechildrepeatstherightsoundorpatterns,itwillbereinforced.thestimulationandcorrespondingreactionhasbeenrepeatedmanytimes,itwillbecomeahabitandlanguageislearnt.examplesaboutimitationcase1:Supposeababyishungry,shebabbles.Allthetimethebabyisobservingandimitatingthespeechsound[milk].ifshefailstoproducetherightsound[milk],shegetsrewarded(shedoesnotgetthemilkshewants);ifsheimitatesthecorrectsoundandgetsunderstood,shegetspunished(shedidn'tgetthemilkshewants).case2mother:wouldyoulikesomebreadandbutter?child:somebreadandbutter.case3Icanhandleit.Emmacanhandleit.Weallcanhandleit.C:wantotheronespoon,Daddy.F:Youmean,youwanttheotherspoon.C:Yes,Iwantotheronespoon,pleaseDaddyF:Canyousay”theotherspoon”?C:Other…one…spoon.F:Say“other”C:Other.F:”Spoon”C:Spoon.F:“Otherspoon”.C:Other…spoon.Nowgivemetheotherspoon.advantagesalthoughthebehavioristviewisunderchallengeandcriticismbecauseofitsinadequacy,butitseemstobereasonableinsomedegree.forexample,children'slearningofalanguageneedsimmitationandreinforcememt;it'snecessarytoformcertainhabitinordertomasteralanguage.disadvantagesitfailstoexplainhowchildrenqcquiremorecomplexgrammaticalstructuresofthelanguage.Examples:a.Johni’smotherloveshimi,j.b.*HeilovesJohni’smother.c.Hisi,motherlovesJohni.Theinadequacyofbehavioristviewliesinthefactthatchildrendonotimitateadults’languageinmuchthesamewayasparrotsdo.theinnatistview（语法天生主义论）proposedbyChomskyAccordingtotheinnatistviewoflanguageacquisition,humanbeingsarebiologicallyprogrammedforlanguage.theorytheinnatistviewbelievesthatlanguageisakindofcomplexsystembasedonrules,notthesumofhabits.thereasonwhychildrencanmasteralanguageisthathumanhaveinnateabilityoflearningalanguage,andthisabilityisdeterminedbygeneticfactors.LAD-languageacquisitiondeviceLAD语言习得机制•Chomskyreferredtotheinnatelanguageabilityaslanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD).•TheLanguageAcquisitionDevice(LAD)isapostulated“organ”ofthebrainthatissupposedtofunctionasainborndeviceforlanguageacquisition.featuresofLADithastwofeatures:1.itisauniquehumanability.thelanguageacquisitiondeviceplaysarolesincewearebornuntilabout12yearsold.2.LADcouldexistwithoutotherfunctionsofhuman,itevenhasnorelationwithintelligence.UG普遍语法•LaterChomskyreferstothisinnateendowment天资asUniversalGrammar.•UniversalGrammarincludesasetofprincipleswhichcanbeusedtoexplainchildlanguageacquisition.•UGisanendowmentthatallchildrenarebornwith.Ifchildrenarepre-equippedwithUG,thenwhattheyhavetolearnisthewayinwhichtheirownlanguagemakesuseoftheseprinciples.LogicalProblemofLanguageAcquisition逻辑问题•Thelogicalproblemreferstothefactthatchildrencometoknowmoreabouttheirlanguagethanwhattheycouldreasonablybeexpectedtolearnfromtheirlivingenvironment.•so,whenexposedtoconfsinginformationorwhenguidanceorcorrectionisnotavalable,childrencandiscoverforthemselvestheultimaterulesofthelanguagesystem.examplesJohnsawhimself.HimselfsawJohn.(thereflexivepronounmustfollowthenounitrefersto)lookingathimselfboresJohn.JohnsaidthatFredlikedhimself.JohnsaidthatFredlkehimself.(theclosestnounphraseuauallybetheantecedent)JohnpromisedBilltowashhimself.Merit&Deficiency•Merit:inawayservesasananswertothelogicalproblemoflanguageacquisitionthatthebehavioristviewfailstorecognize.•Deficiency:noevidenceaboutwhattheUG(universalgrammar)isandhowdoesitwork.inter