英语国家概况-谢福之Chapter-2-history

GuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英语国家概况英语国家概况Chapter2HistoryTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland英语国家概况ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesTheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpireTheFoundingoftheNationITransitiontotheModernAgeIIIIIBritainSinceWorldwarIIIVAdditionalInformationVCONTENTForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesTheFoundingoftheNationI1.2FeudalSociety1.1RomanBritainandtheAnglo-SaxonsForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries1.1RomanBritainandAnglo-Saxons1.1.1PrehistoricPeriod(historyundocumented)9,000yearsagopartofE-Continent3,000BCIberians(Stonehenge)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesStonehenge巨石阵ItisthemostfamousprehistoricmonumentinBritainandissituatedonSalisburyPlaininthecountyofWiltshire.PeoplebeganbuildingStonehengeabout5,000yearsago,draggingeachstoneintoplace.StonehengeanditsStatue1.1RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonsForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesThenameofBritain—BritonsTribalsocietyCelticLanguage(IrishGaelic盖尔语,ScottishGaelic,Welsh)1.1.2Celtic凯尔特Britain(8th—5thCenturyBC)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesHowmanyinvasions?Firstinvasion—InAugust55BC,JuliusCaesarinvadedBritainSecond—Caesar'ssecondraidin54BCThirdandfinal—In43AD,EmperorClaudius,finalandsuccessfulRomaninvasionofBritainLeft—GermanicattackinRome,forcingallRomantroopstoleaveBritain,andthusendingtheRomanoccupationoftheisland.1.1.3RomanBritain(43AD—5thCentury)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesCapableadministrators&goodbuilders(townsandcities&roads)BuildingofLondonRiverThames“LondonBridge”BuildingofroadsRomanChristianitySt.AugustinebringsChristianity基督教toBritainfromRomeandbecomesArchbishopofCanterbury1.1.3RomanBritain(43AD—5thCentury)PopeGregoryIForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries1.1.4TheAnglo-SaxonInvasion(5th—8thCentury)Germanic日耳曼人（或民族）的people(theJutes朱特人fromJutland,AnglesfromSouthofDenmarkandSaxonsfromGermany)English(languageoftheAngles)dominantlanguageForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesDoyouknowhowthenamesofthedaysinaweekcameintobeing?TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheirownTeutonic（日耳曼人的）religiontoBritain.ThenamesTuesday,Wednesday,ThursdayandFridayrespectivelyderivefromtheirgods.—Tiu—godofwar—Woden—kingofheaven—Thor—godofstorms—Freya—goddessofpeaceForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries1.1.5DanishInvasion(8thCentury—1066)theVikings威金人(fromtheScandinaviancountries:Norway,DenmarkandSweden)AlfredtheGreat,kingofWessexApeacetreaty:theeasternhalfoftheislandwastobesubjecttotheDanishlawandcometobeknownastheDanelawFrom1016to1042,undertheruleofDanishkings.In1042,theEnglishthronewasreturnedtotheAnglo-SaxonsAlfred（阿尔弗雷德）theGreat,alsoknownas“FatheroftheBritishNavy”.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries•WestminsterAbbey,builtin1052,bythepenultimateKingofEngland,theEdwardtheConfessor(1042-1066)1.1.5DanishInvasion(8thCentury—1066)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries在泰晤士河畔，在钟声回荡的国会大厦西南侧，耸立着英国最古老的建筑物——威斯敏斯特教堂。这里长眠着从享利三世到乔治二世等20多位国王，憩息着牛顿、哈代、狄更斯、达尔文、吉卜林这些享誉世界的巨人，还有二战“不列颠之战”中牺牲的皇家空军将士。威斯敏斯特教堂碑文(2009-03-0319:18:45)标签：杂谈当我年轻的时候，我的想象漫无边际，我梦想改变这个世界；当我成熟以后，我发现我不能改变这个世界，我将目缩短了一些，决定只改变我的国家；当我进入暮年以后，我发现我不能够改变我的国家，我最后的愿望仅仅是改变我的家庭，然而，这似乎也不可能······现在，我已经躺在床上，就在生命将要完结的时候，我突然意识到:如果一开始我就首先改变自己。然后，作为一个榜样，我可能为国家做一些重要的事情就在我为国家服务的时候，我或许能因为某些意想不到的行为，改变这个世界······ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesIn1066,EdwardchoseHaroldofWessextobeKinginhisplace.DukeWilliam,oftenreferredtoasWilliamtheConquer,challengedHarold’ssuccession,wontheBattleofHastings,andwascrownedKing.1.1.6TheNormanConquestDukeWilliamNormanCavalierForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesIn1067,WilliamstartedbuildingtheTowerofLondon,thegreatfortresswhichdemonstratedhispoweranddominatedthecityofLondon.1.1.6TheNormanConquestForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries1.2.1GreatCharter(MagnaCarta)In1154HenryIIascendedthethroneHenryIIreformedthecourtsandthelaws:introducedthejurysystem(陪审团制度)institutionalizedcommonlawHenryIIForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries1.2.1GreatCharter(MagnaCarta)Johnascendedthethronein1199.Hedemandedfeudaltaxesandarmyservice.HewasforcedtosigntheMagnaCarta(大宪章).Significancetownspeople—freedomoftradeandself-governmentmerchantsandcraftsmen—forthefirsttimeasanewpoliticalforcepartoftheBritishConstitutiontodayJohnofEnglandsignsMagnaCarta.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesProvisionsofOxfordlimitingtheKing’spowerbycallingregularmeetingsoftheGreatCouncilParler—totalkOfficialformationofthetwohousesofparliament:Hou