英语国家概况(修订版)Chapter-4

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英语国家概况TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandEconomy英语国家概况ChapterFourForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesRecentHistoryofBritishEconomyCurrentBritishEconomyIIICONTENTForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesGroupof8aforumforthegovernmentsoftheworld'seightwealthiestcountriesthatoriginatedin1975BeforeRussiawasaddedtothegroupin1997,itwasknownastheG7.Members:France,Germany,Italy,Japan,theUnitedKingdom,theUnitedStates,CanadaandRussiaLeadersoftheG8discussmajoreconomicissuesinaninformalsetting.Theagendahaschangeddependingoninternationalcircumstances—e.g.,theoilcrisesinthe1970s.G8Summit2013ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesRecentHistoryofBritishEconomyEconomicdeclineAfterWorldWarII,theBritisheconomyexperiencedaperiodofgreatdifficultyandrelativeeconomicdecline.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesCausestwoWorldWars—greateconomiclosstheeraoftheBritishEmpirewasover—decolonization(lossesofrawmaterial&market)militaryexpense(untiltheprocessofdecolonizationcompletedinthe1960s)substantialfinancialcontributionstoNATOandU.N.SecurityCouncil(联合国安全理事会）BritainfailedtoinvestinindustryafterWorldWarIIForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries“mixedeconomy”aneconomyinwhichthereissomepublicownershipaswellasprivatelyownedbusinessDuringthe20thcenturythegovernmenthasbecomeinvolvedintheeconomythroughintroductionofsocialwelfarepoliciesandlawstoregulateindustrialrelations.PoliciesForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesIn1945theLaborpartycarriedoutdrasticreforms•nationalizekeyindustries(suchascoal,steelandtransport)laidthefoundationforpostwarBritishsocialandeconomicdevelopmentPolicies(1945-1979)Result:Britain’seconomicgrowthfellbehindthatofwesternEuropeancountriesForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries1979-1997ConservativePartyMargaretThatcherRadicaleconomicreform•sellbackthoseindustriestotheprivatesectorbeatinflation(primaryobjective)•PromotecompetitivespiritineconomySocialwelfarereducedPolicies(1979-1997)Result:Britain’seconomicgrowthstilllaggedbehindForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesPolicies(1979-1997)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries“Inpoliticsifyouwantanythingsaid,askaman.Ifyouwantanythingdone,askawoman.”—MargaretThatcherPolicies(1979-1997)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesIn1997theLaborpartyTonyBlairthe“ThirdWay”:differfromtheoldtheLaborparty’snationalizationreformandtheconservativeparty’sextremeindividualism•madetheBankofEnglandindependent•emphasizedontheminimumwageandsupplementinglowincomes•emphasizedindividualresponsibilityBritain’seconomicgrowthsurpassedothermajorEuropeancountriesPolicies(1997-1997)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesCurrentBritishEconomytheworld'sfifthlargesteconomy(afterUS,Japan,GermanyandChina)TheUK'speoplearetheworld'stwelfthrichestSterling—performedrelativelywellagainstmajorcurrenciesinrecentyearsForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesPrincipalresources—oilandgas(intheNorthSea,onthecoastofScotland)Largeamountofcoal(keptforfutureuse)Highlydeveloped&efficientmainroadandrailnetworkandairportsNaturalResources&InfrastructuresEastcoastofScotlandForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesNaturalResources&InfrastructuresForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesMildclimate—favorableenvironmentforagricultureandstockraisingImportantcrops—wheat,barley,sugarbeet,potatoesDairyfarming,fishingManufacturing—stillplayingimportantroleHowever,thebeefindustrywascrippledbyBSE(疯牛病）.AgricultureForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesBSE(Bovinespongiformencephalopathy,疯牛病)FirstrecognizedincattleintheUnitedKingdomin1986,BSEbecameepidemicthere,particularlyinsouthernEngland.Leadingtoabanonbeefexportsuntil2006.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesCoalfieldsaremostlylocatedinCentralScotland,CentralEnglandandSouthWales.3Bigproducers:Shell,BritishPetroleum(BP),BritishGas(BG)EnergyProductionForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesShell（荷兰皇家壳牌集团）AnAnglo–DutchmultinationaloilandgascompanyOneoftheworld'slargestcorporateentitiesinsales,consistingofcompaniesinmorethan100countries.oilcompanythatistheprincipalAmericansubsidiaryoftheRoyalDutch/ShellGroup,agiantDutchandBritishoilconglomerate.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesServicesindustries,especially,businessandfinancialservices—thestrongestperformingsectorintheUKeconomyLondon—thestrongestperformingregionintheUKServicesindustriesLondonEyeForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCount