《英语修辞学》第七章

EnglishRhetoricBySongPingfengChapterSevenPhoneticFiguresofSpeechPage27.1Introduction7.2Alliteration（押头韵）7.3Assonance（押元音韵）7.4Consonance（押辅音韵）7.5Onomatopoeia（拟声）7.6Aposiopesi（话语中断法）7.7Apostrophe（呼语）7.8Pun（双关）ContentsofThisChapterPage37.1Introduction(1)Alllanguageshavesound.Oratorsinancienttimesknewhowtousethesoundsoftheirlanguageformaximumrhetoricaleffect,andclassicalrhetorichadanumberofsounddevicesbasedonthe“echoing”ortherhymingofsounds.ModernEnglishhasinheritedsomeofthesedevices.Thesedevicesarealsocalledphoneticfiguresofspeech.(2)AgoodknowledgeofsomeEnglishphoneticfiguresofspeechishelpfulnotonlytostudentsofEFLaswriters,butalsoasreadersofEnglisharticles.(3)ThebasicfeaturesofEnglishsounds:Englishsoundsareclassifiedphoneticallyintovowelsandconsonants,andthepronunciationofwordsisdonebycombinationsofvowelsandconsonants.Thevowelsandconsonantsnotonlyhavephoneticqualities,butalsohavesomesensoryqualities,whichsuggestcertainimpressions.Page4Forexample:1)Theshort,lax,spreadvowel/i/issupposedtoconveybright,light,fleet,happyimpression,asin:Spring,thesweetSpring,istheyear’spleasantking;Thenbloomseachthing,thenmaidsdanceinaring,Colddothnotsting,theprettybirdsdosing.(T.Nash:“Spring”)2)Thesounds/ɑ:/and/o/areconsideredmorepleasanttotheears,asforexamplein“doll”,“holiday”,“lark(嬉戏,玩乐)”,“dance”,“hearty”,etc.3)Mostpeoplefeelthattheconsonants/k/,/g/andtheirclusters/kl/,/kr/,/gl/,/gr/aresuggestiveofunpleasantnessorugliness,asin“kick”,“kill”,“clack(唠叨，喋喋不休)”,“crack”,“groan”,“glut(暴食：过量地吃或过度耽溺于，沉湎于)”,“haggle(讨价还价，争论不休)”,“anger”,etc.Page57.2Alliteration（押头韵）(1)Definition:ThewordalliterationderivesfromLatin,meaning“repeatingandplayinguponthesameletter”.Therefore,alliterationistherepetitionofinitialconsonantintwoormorewords.Itisaveryoldrhetoricaldevice,andthefirstfiguresofspeechadoptedinEnglish.(2)Applicableareas:InPoetryInproseInnewspaperheadingsInproverbsIntonguetwistersInadvertisementsandslogansPage6E.g.(1)InproseNexttohealth,heart,home,happinessformobileAmericansdependsupontheautomobile.Weshouldnotdemean贬低ourdemocracywiththepoliticsofdistraction,denialanddespair.(AlGore)我们不可用消解、拒绝和绝望的托辞贬屈我们的民主。Leteverynationknow,whetheritwishesuswellorill,thatweshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden.(JohnF.Kennedy)(2)Newspaperheadlines:BreadNotBombsCutCrimewithJobs---NotJailsBattleforBalancedBudget对于好动的美国人来说，幸福不仅取决于健康、爱情、舒适和温暖的家庭，还取决于汽车。Page7(3)ProverbsTimeandtidewaitfornoman.Manyaman,manyamind.Sparetherod,spoilthechild.Deathpaysalldebts.(4)IntonguetwisterPeterpiperpickedapeckofpickledpepper.Shesellssea-shellsonthesea-shore.CutCostsWithoutCuttingCorners.(advertisingforcars)人多心不齐。不教不成材；不打不成器一死百了时不我待；机遇不可错过Page8(5)Inadvertisementsandslogans标语VitaminsforVimandVigor(advertisingforvitamins)Sea,Sun,Sand,Seclusion----andSpain!(advertisingforspanishseashorescenicpots.)Page9(3)Advantages:Asafigureofspeech,itisgoodforsoundrhyme,musicaleffectandsignificantemphasis.Forexample,1)Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,Thefurrowfollowedfree;WewerethefirstthateverburstIntothatsilentsea.2)Bye,Bye,BalancedBudget3)GunkGroundstheSecondShuttleAlliterationisagreathelptomemory.Byhighlightingthesoundsofwords,alliterationcatchestheattentionoftheaudienceandmakestheideaimpresseddeeplyontheaudienceandthuseasierforthemtoremember.Forexample,Page10E.g.Pennywise,poundfoolish.小处精明,大处浪费;小事聪明,大事糊涂Practicemakesperfect.四川人有句俗语非常好，把天上飞的，地上跑的，水里游的叫做“陆空”，翻译成英语应该叫“feather，feetorfin”，就长羽毛的、长脚的，还有长鳍的。Farfowlshavefairfeathers.（远处的鸟羽毛更美丽）“远来的和尚会念经”。说某人“面善心恶”，英语是Afairfacehidesafoulheart;说“酒后说胡话”，英语是Whenwinesinks,wordsswim;现在许多人择偶条件中有一条，要求对象既有“才”，还要有“趣”，有“才”有“趣”用英语表达就可以用上头韵技巧：“amanofwisdomandwit”。如果遇上amanofwisdomandwit，可要错过机会，嫁给他做wife吧。MoreExamples:Page11在翻译中，恰如其分地运用押头韵的手法可以使译文增色不少。在上海世博会的申办报告中，原文有“上海迅速发展成为一个充满生机和希望的城市”，我们把它翻译为：“Shanghaihasbeendevelopingrapidlyintoacityfullofvigorandvitalityandshowingagreatpromise.”其中，“充满生机”的译文fullofvigorandvitality就是了押头韵的技巧。Page12例如：TheRelentlessPursuitofPerfection.(Lexusautomobile)译文：追求完美，近乎苛求；凌志轿车，永不停歇！这是Lexus牌汽车广告，其基本含义为“近乎苛求地追求完美”。这则广告一组押头韵词语是围绕/P/这个辅音展开的：Pursuit和Perfection.Pursuit和Perfection都属该语篇的核心词汇，所构成的押头韵使整个语篇显得富有韵律和节奏感。汉语译文采用了四字格形式的排比结构，由两部分构成：第一部分描述了源语语篇核心词汇所含的主要概念意义“追求完美”，和源语语篇副词所含的概念意义“近乎苛求”；第二部分首先写出商品品牌，在品牌“凌志轿车”后加了“永不停歇”，以表示汽车制造者的决心和志向。四个并列的四字词语，使译文语言显得明快流畅，节奏优美和谐。Page13某扫描仪广告:Slim，stylish，silver.译文1：银色线条显精简，时尚光辉在闪现译文2：外显精简之美，内藏时尚韵味。这则广告语篇属于描述体语篇体裁，由三个关系过程小句的省略形式构成。三个用来描述这种扫描仪器特点的形容词都以辅音/s/开头，构成押头韵修辞，语言简洁工整，令人倍感时尚。Page14(4)However,alliteration,usedtoexcess,canbelaughableandharmfultotheconveyanceofthought.E.g.1)a.Perhapshispunyprofitsposenopersistentlyseriousproblem.2)b.Itisunlikelythathissmallprofitswillbecomeaseriousdifficulty.Page157.3Assonance（押元音韵）(1)Definition:Assonanceistherepetitionorresemblanceofvowelsoundsinthestressedsyllablesofasequenceofwords,precededandfollowedbydifferentconsonants.Forexample,“lateandmake”,“fishandchip”,“adeepgreenstream”,“ahotcoppersky”,“childrenjustletloosefromschool”,etc.(2)Applicableareas:Assonanceisoftenusedinpoeticlanguagetocreatemusicalrhythmforaparticulareffectofeuphony.Forexample,Ishallneverseehermore