Henry-Fielding

HenryFielding1707-17541.AnintroductiontoFieldingthegreatestnovelistofthe18thcenturyandisoneofthemostartisticthatEnglishliteraturehasproduced.aversatileman:anovelist,adramatist(26plays),anessayist,apoliticalpamphleteer,alearnedauthorityonlawandanableandefficientmagistrateandapoliticaleconomist.EducationborninanoldaristocraticfamilyandstudiedforseveralyearsatthefamousEtonschoolandtookadegreeattheUniversityofLeydeninHolland.Duetoaquarrelwithhisfather,hehadtoworkforalivingearlyinlife.Hefirsttriedhisluckatplaywritingandturnedout26playsduring9years(1729-37),andbecamethemostsuccessfulplaywrightofthetime.Hewroteplays,farces滑稽剧forthestagewithpoliticalandsocialsatire.Fieldingmercilesslyexposedthecorruption,hypocrisyandcrueltyoftheofficials.WritingTechniquesandStyleHismethodofrelatingastory:Itmaybetoldinaseriesofletters;Itmaybeputinthemouthoftheprincipalcharacter;Itmaybetolddirectlybytheauthor.２．Hisworks:Hisfamousplays:TheCoffeeHousePolitician(1730)《咖啡店政客》TheTragedyofTragedies(1730)《悲剧中的悲剧》TheHistoricalRegisterfortheYear《历史记事》HisNovels:JosephAndrews《约瑟夫.安德鲁》TheHistoryofJonathanWildtheGreat《大伟人乔纳森.维尔德传》TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling《弃婴汤姆·琼斯的故事》Amelia《阿尔米亚》JosephAndrews（约瑟夫·安德鲁斯）AstoryinspiredbythesuccessofRichardson’snovel,Pamela（帕梅拉）,orVirtueRewarded（美德有报）;ThestoryofPamela,orVirtueRewarded:Writtenintheformofaverylongseriesofletters,Pamelaisthefirstepistolary（书信体）novelintheEnglishlanguage.Theletteraresupposedlywrittenbyayoungmaid-servantPamelaAndrewstoherparentsandtwofriendstellingthemingreatdetailheradventuresatheremployer’shouse.ThestoryofRichardson’sPamelaAtheremployer’shouse,Pamela’syoungmasterMr.B.attemptsrepeatedlytomakelovetoherandseduce（勾引）her;butshewasskillfulandsuccessfulinherpersistencetoresisthim.Inordertodefendherself,shedepartedfromthehouse.Mr.B.continuedtopursuitafterherandfinallydecidedtomarryher,andPamelaassented（同意）tohishonorableoffer.Thisendsthefirstpart.ThesequelorthesecondpartdealswithPamela’slifeaftermarriage,withhowshetriestobeartheburdenofaprofligate（挥霍的）husbandandhowshedoesallherbesttoreformhim.ThestoryofRichardson’sPamelaInPamela,thepriceforthevirtueofwoman’schastity（贞洁）ishonorablemarriage,pluswealthandahighsocialpositionresultingfromthemarriage.Thisrevealsthemoralhypocrisy（虚伪）ofthebourgeoisieasPuritanismentersintoacompromisewithbourgeoisreality.ThestoryofFielding’sJosephAndrewsFieldingbeganhisnovelwiththeintentionofridiculingRichardson’swork,byputtingPamela’sbrother,JosephAndrews,underthesametemptations.Josephisahandsomeyoungman,andheisaman-servantofMr.B’swidowedaunt,LadyBooby.LadyBoobyisattractedbyJoseph’smanlycharms,andshepursueshimasobstinatelyasMr.BdidPamela.Joseph,whoisagoodyouth,repels（抵制）heradvances.Buthe,unlikehissisterPamela,doesnotatlasthavehis“virtuerewarded”.Heisturnedoutunceremoniouslyoutofdoorsbyhismistress.ThispartofthenovelisaningeniousparodyofthemainthemeofPamela.ThestoryofFielding’sJosephAndrewsAfterheispackedoutofhismistress’shouse,Josephsetsoutonfootforthevillage,wherehissweetheart,Fanny,lives.Heisknockeddownandstrippedbyrobbers,andiscarriedtoaninn,whereheisfoundbyParsonAdams.Thepairtraveltogetherandmeetwithmanyridiculousadventures.ButfinallythestorybringsJoseph,Fanny,AdamsandLadyBoobyalltogether.LadyBoobystillthreatenspoorJosephwithherdisgustingadvances.ThestoryendsinJoseph’smarriagewithFannyandtheyoungcouple’shappiness.TheHistoryofTomJones,AFoundlingTomJonesTheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling,oftenknownsimplyasTomJones.TomJones，generallyconsideredFielding'smasterpiece，bringsitsauthorthenameoftheProseHomer.Thepanoramicviewitprovidesofthe18thcenturyEnglishcountry&citylifewithdifferentplaces&about40charactersisunsurpassed.Thelanguageisoneofclarityandsuppleness.Fielding’smasterpiece,withthefameofbeingthebestconstructednovelinEnglishliterature.Thereare18booksdividedinto3partswith6ineach.ThefirstpartdescribesTom’schildhoodinMr.Allworthy’scountryhome;themiddleonecontainsadventuresontheroadtoLondon;andthelasttellswhathappensinLondontoTomandSophia.StructureForm:ThestoryiswritteninimitationofthemannerofCervantes,theauthorofDonQuixote.Fieldingdescribesthisnovelas“acomicepicpoeminprose”.（散文体滑稽史诗）“它和喜剧不同，它的情节比起喜剧来更加广阔，更加包罗万象，其中事件的范围更加广大，人物的种类也更加繁多。”ItstartswithMr.Allworthy’sadoptationofTom,anorphan,whoisbroughtuptogetherwithBlifil,Mr.Allworthy’snephew—ahypocritical,wickedman,isenviousofMr.Allworthy’sfondnessforthefoundling.BothofthemfallinlovewithSophia,daughterofalandlordinthevicinity,but,SophiachoosesTom.InordertobetheonlyheirofMr.Allworthy,Blifil,whoisalsognawed苦恼hislovefailure,playsdirtytricksandspeaksillofTom,itsresultisthatMr.Allworthy,beingtakeninbyBlifil,drivesTomoutofhishome.StoryTom,intendingtogotosea,wronglytakestheroadtoLondon,andSophia,inrebellionagainstherfather’sdesirethatshebemarriedtoBlifil,marchesoutforLondontoo,accompaniedbyhermaid.Aftermanyadventures,TomandSophiagatherinLondon,wheretheygainlivinguntilTomisfinallydiscoveredtobeMr.Allworthy’snephewandBlifil’shalf-brother.TomandSophiareturntotheestateofMr.Allworthy,whileBlifiliscondemneda