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1-AWhatismathematicsMathematicscomesfromman’ssocialpractice,forexample,industrialandagriculturalproduction,commercialactivities,militaryoperationsandscientificandtechnologicalresearches.Andinturn,mathematicsservesthepracticeandplaysagreatroleinallfields.Nomodernscientificandtechnologicalbranchescouldberegularlydevelopedwithouttheapplicationofmathematics.数学来源于人类的社会实践,比如工农业生产,商业活动,军事行动和科学技术研究。反过来,数学服务于实践,并在各个领域中起着非常重要的作用。没有应用数学,任何一个现在的科技的分支都不能正常发展。Fromtheearlyneedofmancametheconceptsofnumbersandforms.Then,geometrydevelopedoutofproblemsofmeasuringland,andtrigonometrycamefromproblemsofsurveying.Todealwithsomemorecomplexpracticalproblems,manestablishedandthensolvedequationwithunknownnumbers,thusalgebraoccurred.Before17thcentury,manconfinedhimselftotheelementarymathematics,i.e.,geometry,trigonometryandalgebra,inwhichonlytheconstantsareconsidered.很早的时候,人类的需要产生了数和形式的概念,接着,测量土地的需要形成了几何,出于测量的需要产生了三角几何,为了处理更复杂的实际问题,人类建立和解决了带未知参数的方程,从而产生了代数学,17世纪前,人类局限于只考虑常数的初等数学,即几何,三角几何和代数。Therapiddevelopmentofindustryin17thcenturypromotedtheprogressofeconomicsandtechnologyandrequireddealingwithvariablequantities.Theleapfromconstantstovariablequantitiesbroughtabouttwonewbranchesofmathematics----analyticgeometryandcalculus,whichbelongtothehighermathematics.Nowtherearemanybranchesinhighermathematics,amongwhicharemathematicalanalysis,higheralgebra,differentialequations,functiontheoryandsoon.17世纪工业的快速发展推动了经济技术的进步,从而遇到需要处理变量的问题,从常数带变量的跳跃产生了两个新的数学分支-----解析几何和微积分,他们都属于高等数学,现在高等数学里面有很多分支,其中有数学分析,高等代数,微分方程,函数论等。Mathematiciansstudyconceptionsandpropositions,Axioms,postulates,definitionsandtheoremsareallpropositions.Notationsareaspecialandpowerfultoolofmathematicsandareusedtoexpressconceptionsandpropositionsveryoften.Formulas,figuresandchartsarefullofdifferentsymbols.SomeofthebestknownsymbolsofmathematicsaretheArabicnumerals1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0andthesignsofaddition,subtraction,multiplication,divisionandequality.数学家研究的是概念和命题,公理,公设,定义和定理都是命题。符号是数学中一个特殊而有用的工具,常用于表达概念和命题。公式,图表都是不同的符号……..Theconclusionsinmathematicsareobtainedmainlybylogicaldeductionsandcomputation.Foralongperiodofthehistoryofmathematics,thecentricplaceofmathematicsmethodswasoccupiedbythelogicaldeductions.Now,sinceelectroniccomputersaredevelopedpromptlyandusedwidely,theroleofcomputationbecomesmoreandmoreimportant.Inourtimes,computationisnotonlyusedtodealwithalotofinformationanddata,butalsotocarryoutsomeworkthatmerelycouldbedoneearlierbylogicaldeductions,forexample,theproofofmostofgeometricaltheorems.数学结论主要由逻辑推理和计算得到,在数学发展历史的很长时间内,逻辑推理一直占据着数学方法的中心地位,现在,由于电子计算机的迅速发展和广泛使用,计算机的地位越来越重要,现在计算机不仅用于处理大量的信息和数据,还可以完成一些之前只能由逻辑推理来做的工作,例如,大多数几何定理的证明。1-BEquationAnequationisastatementoftheequalitybetweentwoequalnumbersornumbersymbols.Equationareoftwokinds----identitiesandequationsofcondition.Anarithmeticoranalgebraicidentityisanequation.Insuchanequationeitherthetwomembersarealike.Orbecomealikeontheperformanceoftheindicatedoperation.等式是关于两个数或者数的符号相等的一种描述。等式有两种-恒等式和条件等式。算术或者代数恒等式是等式。这种等式的两端要么一样,要么经过执行指定的运算后变成一样。Anidentityinvolvinglettersistrueforanysetofnumericalvaluesofthelettersinit.Anequationwhichistrueonlyforcertainvaluesofaletterinit,orforcertainsetsofrelatedvaluesoftwoormoreofitsletters,isanequationofcondition,orsimplyanequation.Thus3x-5=7istrueforx=4only;and2x-y=0istrueforx=6andy=2andformanyotherpairsofvaluesforxandy.含有字母的恒等式对其中字母的任一组数值都成立。一个等式若仅仅对其中一个字母的某些值成立,或对其中两个或着多个字母的若干组相关的值成立,则它是一个条件等式,简称方程。因此3x-5=7仅当x=4时成立,而2x-y=0,当x=6,y=2时成立,且对x,y的其他许多对值也成立。Arootofanequationisanynumberornumbersymbolwhichsatisfiestheequation.Therearevariouskindsofequation.Theyarelinearequation,quadraticequation,etc.方程的根是满足方程的任意数或者数的符号。方程有很多种,例如:线性方程,二次方程等。Tosolveanequationmeanstofindthevalueoftheunknownterm.Todothis,wemust,ofcourse,changethetermsaboutuntiltheunknowntermstandsaloneononesideoftheequation,thusmakingitequaltosomethingontheotherside.Wethenobtainthevalueoftheunknownandtheanswertothequestion.Tosolvetheequation,therefore,meanstomoveandchangethetermsaboutwithoutmakingtheequationuntrue,untilonlytheunknownquantityisleftononeside,nomatterwhichside.解方程意味着求未知项的值,为了求未知项的值,当然必须移项,直到未知项单独在方程的一边,令其等于方程的另一边,从而求得未知项的值,解决了问题。因此解方程意味着进行一系列的移项和同解变形,直到未知量被单独留在方程的一边,无论那一边。Equationareofverygreatuse.Wecanuseequationinmanymathematicalproblems.Wemaynoticethatalmosteveryproblemgivesusoneormorestatementsthatsomethingisequaltosomething,thisgivesusequations,withwhichwemayworkifweneedit.方程作用很大,可以用方程解决很多数学问题。注意到几乎每一个问题都给出一个或多个关于一个事情与另一个事情相等的陈述,这就给出了方程,利用该方程,如果我们需要的话,可以解方程。2-AWhystudygeometry?Manyleadinginstitutionsofhigherlearninghaverecognizedthatpositivebenefitscanbegainedbyallwhostudythisbranchofmathematics.Thisisevidentfromthefactthattheyrequirestudyofgeometryasaprerequisitetomatriculationinthoseschools.许多居于领导地位的学术机构承认,所有学习这个数学分支的人都将得到确实的受益,许多学校把几何的学习作为入学考试的先决条件,从这一点上可以证明。GeometryhaditsoriginlongagointhemeasurementbytheBabyloniansandEgyptiansoftheirlandsinundatedbythefloodsoftheNileRiver.Thegreekwordgeometryisderivedfromgeo,meaning“earth”andmetron,meaning“measure”.Asearlyas2000B.C.wefindthelandsurveyorsofthesepeoplere-establishingvani
本文标题:数学专业英语第二版的课文翻译
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