跨文化交流权利距离-资料

PowerDistanceICulturalDimensions文化纬度理论文化跨度理论是跨文化理论中至今最具影响力的一个理论，由荷兰管理学者郝夫斯特（Hofstede）提出。通过对各国的IBM员工的调查研究，郝夫斯特发现有五大因素可以帮助我们区分民族文化对雇员的工作价值观和工作态度的影响。五大因素(5culturaldimensions)权力距离指数（PowerDistanceIndex缩写为PDI）个人主义指数（Individualism缩写为IDV）男性主义指数（Masculinity缩写为MAS）不确定因素的规避指数（UncertaintyAvoidanceIndex缩写为UAI）长期取向指数（Long-TermOrientation缩写为LTO）Forreferences,youcangotothefollowingwebsitetocheckoutmoredetailsanddifferentscoresofdifferentcountries.geert-hofstede/（Youcanfindthescoresofyourcountryonhiswebsite.）A.权力距离PowerDistanceIndexPowerDistanceIndex(AuthorityDimension)PowerDistanceIndex(PDI)focusesonthedegreeofequality,orinequality,betweenpeopleinthecountry'ssociety.AHighPowerDistancerankingindicatesthatinequalitiesofpowerandwealthhavebeenallowedtogrowwithinthesociety.Thesesocietiesaremorelikelytofollowacastesystemthatdoesnotallowsignificantupwardmobilityofitscitizens.ALowPowerDistancerankingindicatesthesocietyde-emphasizesthedifferencesbetweencitizen'spowerandwealth.Inthesesocietiesequalityandopportunityforeveryoneisstressed.FormationanddefinitionofPDI权力距离指数的来源和定义Status现状Formation形成、来源Definition定义Pleaseturntoourhandouts请同学们看材料Status现状：InequalityinsocietyThereisinequalityeverywhere,inanysociety.Somepeoplearestronger,smarter,wealthier,ormorepowerfulthansomeotherpeople.ButPhysicalandintellectualcapacities,power,wealth,andstatusmayormaynotgotogether.Insomecountries,peopletrytoresolvetheinequality.Inothercountries,peoplefeelitisagoodthing,ratherthanaproblem.FormationofPDIPDI数据的收集和形成IBM员工，来自50多个国家对相同级别的，却来自不同国家的员工，测试了相同的问题，并用1、2、3、4、5来表示他们的答案。例题在你的经历中，你是否经常遇到这个事情：下属很害怕向他们的上级表达不同意见？（答案是1-5，1代表非常频繁，5代表非常少）这些问题都是由IBM公司的员工回答的，他们的这些答案代表了一个相对的不同，由于他们在公司里面的职位和公司文化是相似的，因此答案的不同很大程度上代表了他们所来自的不同的文化背景。Let’srefertoTable2.1--page27Definition定义PowerDistance:theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationswithinacountryexceptandacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally权利距离的定义：一个社会中的人群对权力分配不平等这一事实的接受程度。Handoutreading:FamilySchoolworkplacePowerDistanceUSChina|--------------------(40)---------------|----------------------------(80)-----------|050100LimiteddependenceofsubordinatesonbossesPreferenceforconsultationReadytoapproachandcontradicttheirbossesEmotionaldistanceissmallConsiderabledependenceofsubordinatesonbossesPreferencefordependence/rejectingitentirelyNotlikelytoapproachandcontradicttheirbossesEmotionaldistanceislargePowerDistanceinfamiliesUSChina|--------------------(40)---------------|----------------------------(80)-----------|050100Childrenaretreatedasequalsassoonastheyareabletoact.Childrenlearntobeindependentandhavetodotheirownstuffwhentheyareveryyoung.Achildisallowedtocontradicthis/herparents.Theylearntosaynoveryearly.Childrenareexpectedandeducatedtobeobedienttotheirparents.Independentbehaviorofchildisnotencouraged.Youngeronesarealwaysbeingtakencareofbyolderonesandparents.Youngerchildrenareexpectedtoyieldtoolderones.Authoritycontinuestoplayaroleinchildren’slife,eveniftheyareadults.PowerDistanceatschoolUSChina|--------------------(40)---------------|----------------------------(80)-----------|050100Teachersandstudentsaretreatedasequalstoeachother.Theeducationalprocessisstudent-centered.Teachershavenoresponsibilityforthestudentsstudy.Thestudentsareexpectedtofindtheirownwayofstudy.Theycanexpressdisagreementinfrontoftheteacher.Overtstudentfeedback.Teachersaretreatedwithrespect,evenoutsideschool.“guru”Theeducationalprocessisteacher-centered.Teachersplannedanintellectualpathsforthestudentstofollow.Studentsspeakuponlywheninvitedto.Covertstudentfeedback.PowerDistanceintheworkplaceUSChina|--------------------(40)---------------|----------------------------(80)-----------|050100Decentralizationispopular.Subordinatesexpecttobeconsultedondecisions.Anidealbossisaresourcefuldemocrat.Privilegesandstatussymbolsarefrownedon.Poweriscentralizedasmuchaspossibleinafewhands.Subordinatesexpecttobetoldwhattodo.Anidealbossisagoodfather.Privilegesandstatussymbolsareexpectedandpopular.PowerDistanceIITheoriginsofPowerdistancedifferencesFigure5.2LowandHighPowerDistanceCulturesLowPowerDistanceHighPowerDistanceGermanicEuropeAfricaScandinavianEuropeAsiaAngloSaxonsEasternEuropenAustraliaMediterraneanEuropenCanadaLatinAmericanUnitedKingdomMiddleEastnUnitedStatesnNewZealandScandinaviann.(北欧一地区,包括挪威、瑞典、丹麦、冰岛的)斯堪的纳维亚人[语]Handoutpage43Quiz5.1:WeatherandCultureInnorthernhemisphereswithharsherweatherpatternsandlowerpopulationdensity,wouldasociety’smajorenemybe:A.othergroupsofpeopleB.natureInsouthernhemisphereswithmoremoderateclimatesandhigherpopulationdensity,wouldasociety’smajorenemybe:A.othergroupsofpeopleB.natureHandoutpage45Figure5.3NationalCultureVs.SubcultureCountrySubcultureNetherlands(lowPDI)Banking(HighPDI)Brazil(HighPDI)Musicians(lowPDI)Canada(LowPDI)Military(highPDI)China(highPDI)WebsiteDesigners(LowPDI)Quiz5.4:PowerDistanceandGenderHowwouldyoumatchthefollowingincomparisontothenationalaverageU.S.PowerDistancescore?AAmericanwomenA.lowerPDIscoresBAm