毕业论文外文文献翻译Options-for-micro-holemaking微孔的加工方法

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：微孔的加工方法文献、资料英文题目：Optionsformicro-holemaking文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：2017.02.14外文原文Optionsformicro-holemakingAsinthemacroscale-machiningworld,holemakingisoneofthemost—ifnotthemost—frequentlyperformedoperationsformicromachining.Manyoptionsexistforhowthoseholesarecreated.Eachhasitsadvantagesandlimitations,dependingontherequiredholediameteranddepth,workpiecematerialandequipmentrequirements.Thisarticlecoversholemakingwiththrough-coolantdrillsandthosewithoutcoolantholes,plungemilling,microdrillingusingsinkerEDMsandlaserdrilling.HelpfulHolesGettingcoolanttothedrilltipwhilethetooliscuttinghelpsreducetheamountofheatatthetool/workpieceinterfaceandevacuatechipsregardlessofholediameter.Butthrough-coolantcapabilityisespeciallyhelpfulwhendeep-holemicrodrillingbecausethetoolsaredelicateandpronetofailurewhenexperiencingrecuttingofchips,chippackingandtoomuchexposuretocarbide’sworstenemy—heat.Whenapplyingfloodcoolant,thedrillitselfblocksaccesstothecuttingaction.“Somewhereabout3to5diametersdeep,thecoolanthastroublegettingdowntothetip,”saidJeffDavis,vicepresidentofengineeringforHarveyToolCo.,Rowley,Mass.“Itbecomeswisetouseacoolant-feddrillatthatpoint.”Inaddition,floodcoolantcancausemoreharmthangoodwhenmicroholemaking.“Thepressurefromthefloodcoolantcansometimessnapfragiledrillsastheyenterthepart,”Davissaid.Thetoolmakeroffersalineofthrough-coolantdrillswithdiametersfrom0.039to0.125thatareabletoproduceholesupto12diametersdeep,aswellasmicrodrillswithoutcoolantholesfrom0.002to0.020.Havingthrough-coolantcapacityisn’tenough,though.Coolantneedstoflowataratethatenablesittoclearthechipsoutofthehole.Davisrecommends,ataminimum,600to800psiofcoolantpressure.“Itworksmuchbetterifyouhavehigherpressurethanthat,”headded.Topreventthosetinycoolantholesfrombecomingcloggedwithdebris,Davisalsorecommendsa5μmorfinercoolantfilter.Anotherrecommendationistomachineapilot,orguide,holetopreventthetoolfromwanderingontopoftheworkpieceandaidinproducingastraighthole.Whenapplyingapilotdrill,it’simportanttoselectonewithanincludedangleonitspointthat’sequaltoorlargerthantheincludedangleonthethrough-coolantdrillthatfollows.Thepilotdrill’sdiametershouldalsobeslightlylarger.Forexample,ifthepilotdrillhasa120°includedangleandasmallerdiameterthanathrough-coolantdrillwitha140°includedangle,“thenyou’recatchingthecoolant-feddrill’scornersandknockingthosecornersoff,”Davissaid,whichdamagesthedrill.Althoughnotmandatory,peckingisagoodpracticewhenmicrodrillingdeepholes.Davissuggestsapeckingcyclethatis30to50percentofthediameterperpeckdepth,dependingontheworkpiecematerial.Thisclearsthechips,preventingthemfrompackingintheflutevalleys.LubriciousChillTofurtheraidchipevacuation,Davisrecommendsapplyinganoil-basedmetalworkingfluidinsteadofawaterbasedcoolantbecauseoilprovidesgreaterlubricity.Butifashopprefersusingcoolant,thefluidshouldincludeEP(extremepressure)additivestoincreaselubricityandminimizefoaming.“Ifyou’vegotalotoffoam,”Davisnoted,“thechipsaren’tbeingpulledoutthewaytheyaresupposedtobe.”Headdedthatanotherwaytoenhanceatool’sslipperinesswhileextendingitslifeiswithacoating,suchastitaniumaluminumnitride.TiAlNhasahighhardnessandisaneffectivecoatingforreducingheat’simpactwhendrillingdifficult-to-machinematerials,likestainlesssteel.DavidBurton,generalmanagerofPerformanceMicroTool,Janesville,Wis.,disagreeswiththeideaofcoatingmicrotoolsonthesmallerendofthespectrum.“Coatingsontoolsbelow0.020typicallyhaveanegativeeffectoneverymachiningaspect,fromthequalityoftheinitialcuttotoollife,”hesaid.That’sbecausecoatingsarenotthinenoughandnegativelyaltertherakeandreliefangleswhenappliedtotinytools.However,workcontinuesonthedevelopmentofthinnercoatings,andBurtonindicatedthatPerformanceMicroTool,whichproducesmicroendmillsandmicroroutersandresellsmicrodrills,isworkingonaprojectwithotherstocreateasubmicron-thicknesscoating.“We’reprobably6monthsto1yearfromtestingitinthemarket,”Burtonsaid.ThemicrodrillsPerformanceoffersarebasicallycircuit-boarddrills,whicharealsoeffectiveforcuttingmetal.Allthetoolsarewithoutthrough-coolantcapability.“Ihadacustomerdrilla0.004-dia.holeinstainlesssteel,andhewasamazedhecoulddoitwithacircuit-boarddrill,”Burtonnoted,addingthatpeckingandrunningatahighspindlespeedincreasethedrill’seffectiveness.TherequirementsforhowfastmicrotoolsshouldrotatedependonthetypeofCNCmachinesashopusesandthetooldiameter,withhigherspeedsneededasthediameterdecreases.(Note:Theequationforcuttingspeedissfm=tooldiameter×0.26×spindlespeed.)Althoughrelativelylow,5,000rpmhasbeenusedsuccessfullybyBurton’scustomers.“Werecommendthatourcustomersfindthehighestrpmatthelowestpossiblevibration—thesweetspot,”hesaid.Inadditiontominimizingvibration,aconstantandadequatechiploadisrequiredtopenetratetheworkpiecewhileexertinglowcuttingforcesandtoallowtheraketoremovetheappropriateamountofmaterial.Ifthedrilltakestoolightofachipload,therakefacewearsquickly,becomingnegative,andtoollifesuffers.Thisapproachisoftentemptingwhendrillingwithdelicatetools.“Ifthecustomerdecideshewantstobabythet