以智能电网解决21世纪电力供应面临的挑战

621，10008421、、、。21、、、。21、、、、、。、。TM7F206ASmartGrid:theSolutiontoChallengesofPowerSupplyinthe21stCenturySONGYong-hua,YANGXia（TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing100084,China）Abstract:Thechallengesofpowersupplyinthe21stcenturyincludeenvironmentalprotection,powerpurchasecapacity,securityandreliability,andefficiency.Tomeetthechallenges,theEuropeanUnion,theUnitedStatesandChinahaveproposedthesolutionofsmartgridswhichhasbecometheirnationalstrategies.Thedevelopmentofpowertechnologiesinthe21stcenturyshouldtakeintoconsiderationofthecompetitiveness,sustainabilityandsecurityofpowersupply,andrelevanttechnicalstandards,weightsofvariousobjectivesandR&Dprioritiesshouldbeformulatedforpowergeneration,transmission&distributionandsupply.Thetrendofpowergriddevelopmentinthe21stcenturyis:theEUissuitablefordecentralizedpowergridsconsistingofdistributedgenerationandinteractivepowersupply;theUSisaccommodabletoself-healing,economicalandcleanpowergridsintegratedwithadvancedtelecommunication,computerandelectronicsaswellasautomaticcontroltechnologies;whileChinaismoresuitableforUHVpowergridswithunifiedorcoordinatedplanning,unifieddispatchandoperation.Itisconcludedthatsmartgridwillacceleratethedevelopmentofthewholeindustrialchainandplayanimportantandactiveroleinenvironmentalprotection,economicdevelopmentandsocialprogress.Keywords:smartgrid;UHV;renewableenergy;distributedpowersource;microgrid;PHEV;demandresponse1008-1682(2009)06-0001-082009-09-221964—、、、。E-mail:[e-mail]icEconomics216200912Vol．21No．6Dec．2009020、、、[1]。121、、[2]。、、21。、、21、[3-6]。、。21。121、。、、21。1.1。2003“”“”。MITEnergyInitiative、。(IEA)2116℃2030CO244%1[2]。CO2。CO2[7]。、、、、GDPCO22。1.2、、。356%[8]。、4[9]。。。1.3GalvinElectricityInitiative2005261211000130。2004-LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratoryLBNL790。。。1.420084677h。、。55%。2212.12121、3。。、3。。。。2.2、320302050。、。、3[9]。2.2.1、31。5[9]。、。、、、GT。。、、PV、、、/。。、。6[9]。321/22.2.232。、。7[9]。、、、、、、ICT、。8[9]。219[10]。2.2.31、、、DGRES、、、。、PQ、、、/、4621、、、。、10、11[9]。2、、、、、、。、/、、PQ、、、。、12、13。32121“”21。。21、、。。、、、。、。、。2008。4828km4000521。40km(Boulder)1。、、、、。20093、、、、[10]。20097DOE“”、[11]。、、。、、。①1000kV、±800kV②③④⑤⑥GasInsulatedLineGIL⑦⑧⑨⑩。、、、。、、、、、、、、。3.1。。NIST[12][13]。、、。。、[14]。。25%CO21.3CO2[15]。、、、。3.2。[16]。。AMI4.7%。[11]。Microgrids。、[13]。66。DOE6[12]。V2GV2G。。。BEVPHEVV2G。。95%。4000。AMI、DR、、MicrogridsV2G。3.3。20087.92kW3.43kW·h[17]。、、、、、。[18]。1000kV±800kV、±1000kV。20205.7kW35％CO213.8t[18]。。。、、。PMU、、FACTS、、。。、、、、。“”GridFriendlyAppliance。。150[19]。、GFA。3.45%5300[20]。2009915%[21]。、、。、、、、[18]。21721（/）3[22]1330515110479050803080%NETL3[22]。、、、。421。、、3。、21。、。[1].———[M].:,2004.[2]InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA).Worldenergyoutlook2008[EB/OL].[3].[R].2008.[4]Thesmartgrid:anintroduction[R].U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,2009.[5]EuropeanCommission.Europeantechnologyplatformsmartgrids:visionandstrategyforEurope’selectricitynetworksofthefuture[EB/OL].[6],.[J].,2009,25(1):7-11.[7]CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion(2008Edition)[R].InternationalEnergyAgency.[8]Globalwindenergycouncil(GWEC)-globalwind2008report[EB/OL].[9]ElectricityresearchroadmapinEurope,projectno.022825,projectacronym:ERMInE[R].2009.[10]PowerSystemsEngineeringResearchCenter(PSERC).U.S.energyinfrastructureinvestment:large-scaleintegratedsmartgridsolutionswithhighpenetrationofrenewableresources,dispersedgeneration,andcustomerparticipation[R].2009.[11]U.S.DepartmentofEnergy(DOE).Smartgridsystemreport[R].2009.[12]ISONewEnglandInc.Overviewofsmartgrid-policies,initiativesandneeds[R].2009.[13],,,.[C]//.2009.[14]JimMcDonald.OverviewofenergyinScotlandandenergytechnologypartnership[C]//.2009.[15][N].,2009-04-23.[16].[EB/OL].[17][EB/OL].[18].[N].2009-09-09.[19][EB/OL].[20].“”[EB/OL].(2009-03-13).[21].“”15%[C]//.2009.[22]StevePullins.Smartgrid:enablingthe21stcenturyeconomy[R].NETL,2008.8