国际诉讼中的举证责任

国际诉讼中的举证责任王军敏:国际诉讼中的举证责任是指各当事方证明其主张或辩护的一般性义务,谁主张谁举证!原则是关于国际诉讼中举证责任的一般规则国际诉讼中举证责任的范围包括事实国内法和特殊习惯法:国际诉讼;举证责任;举证责任的范围:D9:A:1007-9092(2009)04-0099-05,,,,,,,,,,∀,,,burdenofproof!lachargedelapreuve!lefardeaudelapreuve!(obligationtoprove)!,,,:,(thetrieroffact)!#(legalburden)!,(persuasiveburden)!,(theburdenproofonthepleadings)!,(thefixedburdenofproof)!∃(submissionofnocase!)(sufficiencyofevidence),(evidentialburden)!,(theburdenofadducingevidence)!,(dutyofpassingjudge)!%,,!&,,,99:,,∀MojtabaKazazi,BurdenofProofandRelatedIssues,aStudyonEvidenceBeforeInternationalTribunal,(KluwerLawInternational,1996),p.3.#J.D.Heydon,CasesandMaterialsonEvidence(London,1975),p.13.∃J.D.Heydon,CasesandMaterialsonEvidence(London,1975),p.13.%See,BenjaminKaplanandKevinM.Klermont,OrdinaryProceedingsinFirstInstance:EnglandandtheUnitedStates!,inInternationalEncyclopediaofComparativeLaw,Vol.XVI,Chap.6,p.33.&J.D.Heydon,CasesandMaterialsonEvidence(London,1975),p.13.20094!∀,()(),,:(hehasmadeoutacasetoanswer),,!#,,:,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,!∃,∋(3637)∗!%,(),,++++++!&,,,,,,,,,:,(burdenofgoingforward)!−,,()().(一)主要法系公认的举证责任规则∋(,!,,,,,!(actoriincumbitprobatio)!/,!5-11,,,100∀#∃%&,−./V.S.Mani,InternationalAdjudication:ProceduralAspects(1980),p.202.MojtabaKazazi,BurdenofProofandRelatedIssues,aStudyonEvidenceBeforeInternationalTribunal,(KluwerLawInternational,1996),p.31.M.Hudson,ThePermanentCourtofInternationalJustice(1943),p.565.See,PeterHerzogandMarthaWeser,CivilProcedureinFrance(TheHague:MartinusNijhoff,1976),p.310.ICJReports(1962),p.474.ICJReports(1962),p.474.ICJReports1962,p.473.J.D.Heydon,CasesandMaterialsonEvidence(London,1975),p.14.J.D.Heydon,CasesandMaterialsonEvidence(London,1975),p.14.20094!∀,12!,,,,00!#,,,,,(thelegalburden)!∃,,!%,,,,,&,,,,,,,,,,−!,1981∋(9:!,;,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!.,,!(二)国际司法实践遵循的举证责任规则,!,,18,!:,,)∗,,,!/∋(∋(,:,,,1928∋(1122,:11,101∀#∃%&,−./See,KeithHighet,Evidence,TheChamberandtheELSICase!,p.46.See,LegalStatusofEasternGreenland,Judgment,PCIJ,SeriesA/B,No.53(1933),p.49.:∋(,,1991,1,304See,F.J.LudesandF.j.Gilbert,CorpusJurisSecundum:ACompleteRestatementoftheEntireAmericanLaw,Vol.31A,Evidence,pp.168-184.EdwardW.ClearyandJohnW.Strong,Evidence:Cases,Materials,Problems,3rded.(1981),p.103.J.D.Heydon,CasesandMaterialsonEvidence(London,1975),p.17.SirRupertCross,CrossonEvidence,5thed.(London,1979),p.97.:∋(,,1991,1,270HistoryofEuropeanCivilProcedure!,in:InternationalEncyclopediaofComparativeLaw,Vol.xvi,Ch.2,p.19.HistoryofEuropeanCivilProcedure!,in:InternationalEncyclopediaofComparativeLaw,Vol.xvi,Ch.2,p.9.20094)00∗!∀2:∋(22,!:00!,,!#,!∋(22,,++++++,,!:()2,,,12,:!∃,,:,,,,,!%,,,!,,,,!,,,&,,,,,,,,,,,,?:,,,∋(53,,,,,!−,:,00!.,/1:,00102∀#∃%&,−./Fitzmaurice,2TheLawandProcedureoftheInternationalCourtofJustice(1986),p.531.ICJReports(1986),p.24.ICJReports(1974),p.181.FrancoisRigaux,DroitInternationalPrive,Tome1,Theoriegenerale,Deuxiemeed.refondue(1987),p.300.See,R.Lilliched.,Fact-findingbyInternationalTribunals(1991)pp.95-98.ICJReports(1962),pp.15-16.ICJReports(1953),p.47.Colombian-PeruvianAsylumCase,Judgmentof20November1950,ICJReports1950,p.282.Colombian-PeruvianAsylumCase,Judgmentof20November1950,ICJReports1950,p.280.2009400!∀,,,,#,,!∃,,%,,,,,,:,00!&,,,:00,!,11,,,−,,.,,,,1:();;00!/,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,00!,!,,,,,,(:)103∀#∃%&,−./Lauterpacht,TheDevelopmentofInternationalLawbytheInternationalCourt,p.362.ICJReports(1974),p.79.ICJReports(1955),p.30.ICJReports(1952),p.200.ICJReports(1952),p.180.ICJReports(1950),pp.276-277.ICJReports(1950),p.276.IanBrownlie,PrinciplesofPublicInternationalLaw,4thed.(1990),p.11.MojtabaKazazi,BurdenofProofandRelatedIssues,aStudyonEvidenceBeforeInternationalTribunal,(KluwerLawInternational,1996),p.44.ICJ,FisheriesCase,Pleadings,OralArguments,Documents,Vol.IV,p.33.20094