(精华)英语国家概况--美国部分

英语国家概况（2）美国部分1．教学内容说明第一章美国的起始第二章美国的政治制度第三章美国的经济第四章美国的宗教第五章美国文学第六章美国的教育第七章20世纪60年代的社会运动第八章美国的社会问题第九章美国的技术第十章美国的风景第十一章美国的体育运动第十二章早期的美国爵士音乐Chapter1AmericanBeginningsI.WhatisanAmerican?---In1782,theFrenchmanJ.HectorSt.JohndeCrevecoeur(赫克托·圣约翰·德克雷夫科尔),whosettledinPennsylvaniafirstaskedthequestionandanswereditinhisbookLettersfromanAmericanFarmer(«美国农人书简»)。HebelievedthattheAmericanwasanewmanwiththemixedbloodofEuropeansortheirdescendants.ThisnewmanleftbehindhimalltheancientEuropeantraditionsandreceivednewonesintheNewWorld.InNorthAmerica,allindividualsweremeltedintoanewraceoftheAmerican.Thisnewmanacteduponnewprinciples,entertainednewideasandformednewopinions.(新型的人按照新的原则办事，吸取新的思想，形成新的见解)II.twoimmigrationmovementstotheAmericas---1.fromAsia(AmericanIndians,whoweremistakenlycalledbyColumbus,movedtotheAmericasfromAsiaabout25000yearsago.TheydevelopedtheirownaboriginalculturesandsomeofthemsuchastheAztecs(阿兹台克文化/墨西哥地区),theIncas（印加文化/秘鲁地区）andtheMayas(玛亚文化/中美洲)wereveryadvancedwhenEuropeansarrivedintheNewWorld.But,asaresultofEuropeanconquest,theIndianpopulationwasquicklyreducedandtheircultureswereruthlesslydestroyed.---2.fromEuropeandAfrica,beganwiththeexpansionofEuropefromthe16thcentury.(thediscoveryofAmerica----ChristopherColumbus,anItaliansailor,believedthatbysailingwestfromEuropehecouldreachtheEast.In1492,hepersuadedtheSpanishmonarchytosupporthisvoyage.HelandedononeoftheBahamaIslands(巴哈马群岛)intheCaribbeanSeaandthus“discovered”theNewWorld.Basedonhisvoyage,theSpanishkingclaimedtheterritoryoftheAmericasandlaterconqueredthenativeAmericansandestablishedahugeempire.)*TheEnglishkingclaimedtheterritoryofNorthAmericabasedonthevoyageintheyearof1497ofanotherItaliansailorJohnCabot(约翰·卡伯特)IV.ThreeforcesthatbroughtaboutthemoderndevelopmentofEurope---1.Capitalism---2.Renaissance---3.ReligiousReformation(in1517,MartinLuther,aGermantheologyprofessor,startedtoreformtheCatholicChurchwhichhaddominatedEuropeforcenturies.HechallengedtheauthorityofthePopeandattackedthepracticeofthesaleofindulgences.HebelievedthatpeoplecouldbesavedonlybytheirfaithinJesusChristandthroughadirectcontactwithGod.ThenextimportantleaderoftheReformationwasJohnCalvin(约翰·加尔文).TheReligiousReformation,whichwascapitalisticinnature,hadgreatimpactonthemoderndevelopmentofEuropeandNorthAmerica.)FourcolonialpatternsV.thesettlementofVirginia(the1stEnglishpermanentsettlementinNorthAmerica)---The1stEnglishpermanentsettlementwasorganizedin1607bytheLondonCompany(伦敦贸易公司)withacharter（特许状）fromtheEnglishkingJamesI.ThecolonistssettledinVirginiaandsurvivedbyimposingstrictdisciplineonthemselvesandbytransplantingtobaccointothecolonyofVirginia.In1619,thesettlerselectedtheirdelegatesandsetuptheHouseofBurgesses(议会),andthesametimethesewhitepeopleseekingtheirownfreedomboughtandenslaved（奴役）blackservants.ThesetwoeventsgreatlyinfluencedthepoliticalandsocialdevelopmentoftheUnitedStateslater.VI.Puritanism---the2ndenduringEnglishsettlementwasestablishedinMassachusettsBayin1620byEnglishpuritans,whofollowedthedoctrineofJohnCalvinandwantedtopurifytheChurchofEngland.TheybelievedthathumanbeingswerepredestinedbyGodbeforetheywereborn(他们深信人的命运是生前就由上帝注定的。＊这是清教主义的命运天定说).SomewereGod’schosenpeoplewhileothersweredamnedtohell.Nochurchnorgoodworkscouldsavepeople.ThesignofbeingGod’selectwasthesuccessinhisworkortheprosperityinhiscalling.(一个人工作上的成功或事业上的兴旺是上帝选民的标志)TheyalsoarguedthateveryonemustreadtheBibleinordertofindGod’swillandestablishadirectcontactwithGod.(他们还说人人都要读«圣经»，从中探索上帝的意志，与上帝建立直接的联系).ThesebeliefshadgreatimpactonAmericanculture.---thePilgrimFathers(清教移民先驱)PuritansinEnglandwerepersecutedfortheirreligiousbeliefs,andsomeofthemfledtoHolland.InHolland,theyfoundithardtoliveinaforeignland,sotheydecidedtomoveNorthAmericasothattheycouldworshipastheypleased.SupportedbysomemerchantsinLondon,theywentonboardtheMayflowerin1620.Beforetheylandedontoday’sNewEngland,theysignedtheMayflowerCompact(五月花公约)forthefuturecivilgovernmentoftheircolony.TheseearlyPuritansinNewEnglandwerecalledthePilgrimFathers.---theinfluenceofPuritanismonAmericanculturePuritanshaveleftrichculturalheritagetofutureAmericans.TheAmericanvaluessuchasindividualism,hardwork,respectofeducationoweverymuchtothePuritanbeliefs.(美国的价值观，如个人主义，勤奋工作，尊重教育等，在很大程度上源于清教主义)VII.LordBaltimoreandhisfeudalplan---the3rdcolonialpatterninNorthAmericawasthepatterninthecolonyofMarylandfoundedbytheCatholics.ThefounderwasthesecondLordBaltimore,whocarriedouthisfather’swilltosetupacolonyinNorthAmerica(intoday’sMaryland)in1632andbecametheownerofthecolony.HewishedtointroduceafeudalsystemsimilartothemanorsysteminEuropetohiscolony.Eachgentlemanwhobrought5servantswithhimsettledinhislandwasallowedtoestablishamanorof2000acres.Butthisfeudalplanwasdoomedandthecolonyfollowedacapitalistdevelopmentroad.(*Inordertodevelophiscolony,heencouragedtheimmigrationofProtestantsaswellasRomanCatholics.TheProtestantsettlers,mostofwhomwerecapitalistic-minded,outnumberedtheCatholics.Itwasimpossibletohavethefeudalplanexecuted.In1648,heappointedaProtestantgovernorandthenextyear,theMarylandTolerationAct(马里兰宗教容忍法)waspas