基于51单片机的无刷直流电动机的控制设计解读

基于51单片机的无刷直流电动机控制器设计系别：机电与自动化学院专业班：电气工程及其自动化0702班姓名：学号：指导教师：2011年6月基于51单片机的无刷直流电动机控制器设计TheDesignofBrushlessDCMotorControllerBasedonMCS-51SinglechipI摘要近年来，无刷直流电动机愈来愈多地在很多领域得到应用，它除了保持有刷直流电动优越的起动性能和调速性能以外，其最大的特点，就是没有换向器和电刷组成的机械接触结构，因而具有寿命长、噪声低、运行可靠、维护简便等一系列优点，且由于其转速不受机械换向的限制，可在宽广的范围内平滑地调速。例如在电动自行车上应用无刷直流电动机来取代原来的有刷直流电动机，由于采用了电子无接触式换向，不仅延长了电机的使用寿命，而且调速方便，易于控制，运行平稳。本文以无刷直流电机为研究对象，以无刷直流电机控制系统为控制目标，以PWM为控制设计技术，采用MCS-51系列单片机为主控芯片，文章主要研究无刷直流电动机的调速功能，实现电动机的起动、制动、正/反转换向，加/减速，并对无刷直流电动机的运行状态进行监视和报警。文章研究包含硬件和软件两个方面，硬件方面实现的功能有：电源设计、调速控制设计、驱动电路设计、过热保护电路设计、短路保护电路设计和转速显示设计等部分；软件方面实现的功能有，电路复位模块的设计、按键控制模块的设计、功能模块的设计、电动机判停模块的设计、IPS下载模块的设计和速度显示模块的设计等部分。文章介绍了无刷直流的功能硬件图和程序结构流程，介绍了利用MCS-51单片机和控制芯片来控制无刷直流电动机速度的方法，并在电动机运行异常时发出警报。本课题经过理论分析和系统调试，控制系统性能稳定，可靠性佳，实现了既定的功能，达到了设计指标的要求。关键词：无刷直流电动机MCS-51单片机调速控制IIAbstractRecently,brushlessDCmotorhasbeenappliedinmanyarea．Besidesthegoodperformanceofstartupandspeedcontrol，itsremarkablecharacteristicisthatthereisnocommutatorandbrush。SothebrushlessDCmotorhassomeadvantagessuchaslonglife，lownoise，reliableoperationandeasymaintenance．ItsspeedCanberegulatedinalargerangesmoothlybecauseofnolimitationofmechanicalcommutator．Fortheelectricbicycle，themotorwithbrushhasbeenreplacedbythebrushlessone．Duetothecommutationwithouttouch,thelifeofmotorisprolongedandthemotoriseasytobecontrolled．AbrushlessDCmotorcontrolsystembasedonMCS-51singlechipandPWMcontrolisintroducedinthispaper。ThepapermainofstudyisthespeedgoverningfunctionsofbrushlessDCmotor,forexample，makethemotorstart、stop、speedup、slowdown、corotationandinversion，andwhenthemotorrunwrongthesystemcandisplayerror．Bothhardwareandsoftwareareshowninthispaper。Hardwaredesignincludespowersupply,governorcontrol,drivingcircuit，overheatingprotection,shortcircuitprotectionandrotatespeeddisplay．Sofhvaredesignincludesdrivingcircuitrestorationmodule,keycontrolmodule，functionmodule，judgethemotorrunorstopmodule，IPSdownmoduleandspeeddisplaymodule．Hardwarediagramsandprogramflowchartsareshown．AndusethesinglechipofMCS-51andControllerChipcontrolthespeedofbrushlessDCmotor．Andwhenthemotorrunwrongthesystemcandisplayerror．Bytheoreticalanalysisandsystemdebugging,thecontrolsystemisstableandreliable．Thedesiredfunctionsaredesignindicesareachieved．Keywords：BrushlessDCmotorsinglechipofMCS-51speedcontrolIII目录摘要.......................................................................................................................................IAbstract...............................................................................................................................II绪论......................................................................................................................................11无刷直流电动机简介....................................................................................................21.1课题的意义及发展状况.........................................................................................................21.2无刷直流电动机原理简介.....................................................................................................21.2.1无刷直流电动机运行原理................................................................................................21.2.2无刷直流电动机的结构.....................................................................................................51.3驱动电动机原理.......................................................................................................................62控制系统硬件方案设计................................................................................................82.1电动机选择及参数说明.........................................................................................................82.2驱动器选择及功能说明.........................................................................................................92.2.1驱动器调速方式说明.......................................................................................................122.2.2驱动器接线示意图............................................................................................................133控制电路设计..............................................................................................................153.1芯片说明...................................................................................................................................153.2整体电路...................................................................................................................................193.3电路模块说明..........................................................................................................................204课题软件设计..............................................................................................................274.1程序流程图..............................................................................................................................274.2程序清单...................................................................................................................................28结论...........................................................................................................