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Module10CopingtacticsininterpretingITheoryandskills由于口译的现场性强,口译工作常伴随巨大的压力,即使是语言能力很强、准备工作做得非常充分的译员,口译中仍可能由于讲话人的语速太快、口音太重、信息太密集,或者由于现场环境和口译员自身状态等原因而出现困难,译员需要尽量不动声色地应对这些临时出现的困难,让口译继续进行下去。因此有人将口译过程比作是一个危机处理过程,这的确道出了口译工作中不为一般人所知的方面。口译理解中最常见的困难是没听清或没听懂一个单词、句子甚至是一段话,或者是听懂了但记不住。无论遇到哪种情况,最重要的一点是保持冷静,不要慌张。口译不是字词的对译,而是信息的传达。一个词或几个词没听懂,并不一定会影响对整段话的理解,关键在于保持冷静心态,继续往下听,往往根据上下文能够得出整段话的含义和关键信息所在。因此,对于个别未听懂的部分,可以省略或者采取模糊处理的方法,即说一些与上下文并不矛盾但并没有什么实质性内容的话。但如果遇到关键的信息没有听懂,口译无法继续,则需要请讲话人解释一下,再进行口译。但这种方法不宜使用得过于频繁,以免造成听众对口译员的不信任。在条件不允许的情况下,只能根据自己对口译任务和讲话人背景的了解,结合上下文进行合理猜测。听懂了但记不住也是初学者经常碰到的问题,这是由于口译记忆本身的局限性加上译员笔记运用不当造成的。口译记忆和口译笔记的技巧在前面几课已经进行了详尽的阐述。这里需要特别强调的是,口译记忆和笔记针对的是信息,而不是原语讲话的具体用词。如果记忆只是停留在原语的字词表层,未能对信息进行逻辑分析等深加工,那么信息遗忘的几率则相对较高。笔记如果只记了一些零散的词语,而没有体现逻辑线索,也无法起到对整段信息进行提示的作用。有的学员在听完一段话后,往往记住了一些细节,而对信息的组织和结构却很模糊,这是学口译的人特别应该注意避免的。口译员的困难不仅来自于原语理解,也来自译语表达。口译表达障碍主要表现为译员短时记忆失效以及无法找到确切合适的译语表达。口译表达中的应对技巧旨在帮助译员跨越现场遇到的表达障碍,尽量消除其消极影响,保持听众对译员的信任,使口译能正常进行下去。译员可采取的现场策略主要包括四大类。笼统表达当译员无法准确、完整译出某个表达或讲话人所列举的一连串名词时,可通过使用上义词或较模糊的一般化表达概而述之。如将“Look,howwell-equippedaChinesekitchenis.Thereisafridgeandafreezer,adish-washer,awashingmachinewithaspin-dryer,acookerandavacuum-cleaner.”译成“看,中国家庭的厨房配置多齐全!电冰箱、洗碗机等家电,应有尽有。”;将会议主席“Mr.WernerSteinbeck”译成“主席先生”;“三千四百三十二万”译成“morethanthirty-fourmillion”。解释当译员对某一表达无法找到确切的译语表达时,可通过解释的办法将信息传达给听者。如将“三农问题”译成“theissueofagriculture,ruralareasandfarmers”;将“打着灯笼无法找”译成“hardtocomeby,rare”;“红烧狮子头”译成“astewedlargeporkballwithbrownsauce”;“aCatch-22situation”译成“两难境地”;“gopher”译成“一种生活在北美洲和中美洲的穴居动物”。原语复读对于某些词或术语,译员若由于时间关系,或由于不知道对应的译文表达,或由于根本不理解原语意义以至无法给出译文时,便可采用原语复读的做法,即模仿原语读音将信息传送给听者,如原语复读“IOU”,“太极”,“旗袍”,“Mr.Montgomery”“Mississippi”“PowerPoint”和“TGV”等。原语复读有时非常有效,在技术性强的会议上尤其实用。信息省略当译员认为将接收到的信息全盘机械地翻译过去无法达到交际目的时,可以采用“信息省略”的策略,即有意识地省略部分信息。这些情形包括:讲话人太罗嗦,不断重复;原语太模糊;原语文化寓意太微妙。信息省略并不等同于信息丢失,其目的是帮助译员更好地完成交际任务,达到交际的目的。例如,对于中文开场白“谢谢大家光临。由于本人学识浅薄,加之准备不充分,所讲之处肯定多有疏漏和不妥,请大家包涵”,译员只需翻译最主要的信息,即“Thankyouforcoming”,后面的信息带有浓厚的中国文化色彩,不必直译出来,否则,会使目的语听众难以接受,以至影响交际效果。IISkillspracticeTeachingtips:Encouragethestudentstoacceptthefactthatinterpretingiscrisismanagementinitselfandcopingispartofthejobevenforveteraninterpreters.Goodpreparationandconfidenceinadditiontoone’slanguagecompetenceandinterpretingskillscanhelpreducetheneedforcoping.Instruction:Interpretthefollowingpassage,tryingtousethecopingtacticsweintroducedinsectionI.10.1SpeechbySirJohnBondattheChinaDevelopmentForumGoodevening,LadiesandGentlemen.Ihavetosayit'sgreattobestandinginaneconomythat'sgrowingatsevenpercent.Life'salotmorefunwhenaneconomyisgrowing.I'dcertainlyliketospendmoreofmytimeherethanineconomiesgrowingat1.5percent.IgaveaspeechintheUSlastmonthwhenIpointedoutthatChinahadbeentheworld'slargesteconomyfor18outofthelast20centuries.AndthereisnodoubtinmymindthatChinawillregainthatposition.IfeelprivilegedtobeheretolistentoChina'sleadersexplaintheirpolicies,andtheirthinking.Ialsothinkthatthewillingnesstolistentootherpeople'sexperiencesshowsamatureattitudewhichisincontrast,Iamsorrytosay,tomanyintheWest.ItisalwaysamatterofamazementtomethatsomeWesternpoliticiansandcommentators–fromcountriesthatarenolargerthanoneprovinceofChina–feelwellqualifiedtotellChinahowitshouldbegoverned.Itbehovesallofustounderstandthatthechallengeofgoverningacountryof1.3billionpeopleissomethingthatnobodyisqualifiedtospeakon,exceptChina'sleadersthemselves,and,IguessmaybeIndia's.Itseemstomethateverynationneedspoliciestosuititsownhistoryandculture.Itisarrogantintheextremetothinkthatthereisaone-size-fits-allsolutionthatworksforeveryone,andevenmorearroganttothinkthatyourparticularsolutionistheonlyone.IhavenothingbutadmirationfortheprogressChinahasmadesinceIfirstvisitedin1972.TheChineseleadershiphasshowngreatskillinachievingstunningeconomicgrowthoverthepast25yearswhileatthesametimemanagingthechangeandtransitionthatthislevelofgrowthinevitablybrings.Thedevelopmentofconsumermarketsisanimportantpartofthisprocess.Becausetwo-thirdsofmosteconomiesaredrivenbyconsumerspending,Chinahashugepotentialconsumermarketswhichwillunderpineconomicgrowthbothtodayand,evenmoreso,tomorrow.Globally,HSBCseestheconsumermarketsoftomorrowasChina,India,Brazil,Mexico;allcountriesthathavethepotentialtomoveveryrapidlyuptheGDP-per-capitascale.WewouldputChinaatthetopofthelist.EverywhereIgo,IseetangiblesignsofChina'sprogress:inthehotels,intheairports,thetransportsystems.Andthereismuchmoretocome.Gettingtherightproductsintherightpeople'shandsattherightpricesisthefundamentaltaskofaconsumereconomy.Puttinginplacethedistributionsystemstofacilitatethecreationofconsumermarketsisgoingtobehugelyimportantintheyearsahead.Inamarket,youneedmeasurestoprotectconsumers,butnotinsuchaheavy-handedwayastodiscourageinvestment.Drawingthelinebetweentheinterestsoftheconsumersandtheinterestsoftheproducersisadelicatetaskforgovernmentsandbusinesspeople.IdonotunderestimatethechallengesthatChinafaces.Butbasedonthetrackrecordoverthepast25years,IknowChinawillmeetthechallengeandleapfrogtheWestinmanyareas–Ithinkoftechnologyandcommunications.Andintheprocess,Chinahastheopportunitytoavoidsomeofthepitfallsthathavesnar
本文标题:口译教程10
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