Gerunds-and-Infinitives

GerundsandInfinitivesGerundsandInfinitives•Gerunds(v-ing)动名词•Infinitives(todo)动词不定式•Bothofthemareusedasnouns.–Ilovewriting.–Ilovetowrite.Gerundsvs.Presentprogressive•Ilovewriting.•WearehavinganEnglishclass.•Ihateeatingicecream.•Heiseatingicecream.IdentifyGerundsandInfinitivesLearningaforeignlanguagehasbeenamosttryingexperienceforme,butonethatIwouldn’ttradeforanything.Notonlydidlearninganotherlanguageteachmethevalueofhardwork,butalsoitgavemeinsightintoanotherculture,andmymindwasopenedtonewwaysofseeingthings.ThemostwonderfulresultofhavinglearnedaforeignlanguagewasthatIcouldcommunicatewithmanymorepeoplethanbefore.Talkingwithpeopleisoneofmyfavoriteactivities,sobeingabletospeakanewlanguagesletsmemeetnewpeople,participateinconversations,andformnew,unforgettablefriendships.NowthatIspeakaforeignlanguage,insteadofstaringintospacewhenEnglishisbeingspoken,Icanparticipateandmakefriends.IamabletoreachouttoothersandbridgethegapbetweenmylanguageandcultureandtheirsInfinitiveswhenthemeaningishypotheticalorfutureorunfulfilled,aninfinitiveisoftenused.当那个意思是假设的，将来要发生的，没有完成的时候，需要用动词不定式。–Sheexpectstobethereby11:00.–IwanttogotoHainanduringthewintervacation.–Hestoppedtogetsomethingtoeat.Infinitives1.Useinfinitivesafterverbssuchasthefollowing:agree,beg,bother,choose,claim,decide,expect,fail,forget,hope,manage,need,offer,plan,pretend,promise,prove,refuse,want,wish.e.g.Theyexpecttowinthegame.Sheneedstoapplyforascholarship.2.Useinfinitivesaftercertainverbs+directobject:advise,allow,ask,cause,command,convince,encourage,expect,force,need,persuade,remind,require,tell,want,warn.AsksbtodosthAllowsbtodosthAdvisesbtodosth……e.g.Hepersuadedustowait.Shewantsherparentstostaywithher.3.Useinfinitivesafteradjectivessuchasanxious,difficult,eager,easy,impossible,proud,right,sorryandwrong.e.g.It’seasyforanyonetodointernetresearch.Hewaseagertomeethisnewboss.Hefeltitimpossibletofinishtheworkontime.CommonBareInfinitive不带to的不定式•Aftertheverbsthatexpressessenses在感官动词之后：see,hear,see，feel，hear，watch，observe，listento，lookatIsawthemancomeoutofthehouse.Iheardhimplaythepiano.Theywatchtheboycrosstheroad.Ifelttheearthquake.Listentohimplaytheguitar.•Aftercausativeverbsmake,letandhavetoexpressthemeaningof“causesbtodosth”用在使役动词之后表达“使/让某人做某事”I'llletyouknowassoonasIhearfromher.Ihadhimmendmywatch.Electricitymakesmotorsrun.•Aftertheverb“help”在动词help之后(“to”isoptional)Hehelpedme(to)plantthetrees.After“donothingbut/except，notdoanythingbut/except，doeverythingexcept/but，thereisnothingtodobut/except”•Icoulddonothingbutwait．•Ihavedonenothingexceptreadnewspapersandwatchtelevision．•Hewilldoanythingexceptlendyoumoney．•Shecandoeverythingexceptcook．•Sotherewasnothingtodobutfollow．•Nowtherewasnothinghecoulddoexceptadmitdefeat．GroupActivity•Makeasmanysentencesaspossibleinfiveminutesusinginfinitivesofthefourtypes.–E.g.Heagreestocomebackhometonight.–Myfriendadvisedmetostudyharder.–Hefindsitdifficulttopleasehisboss.–Themothermadetheboystudyuntilmidnight.GerundsWhenthemeaningisrealorvividorfulfilled,agerundisoftenused.当所表达的意思是真实的，生动的，已经完成的时候，用动名词。–Irememberswimmingintheoceaninthemiddleofthenight.(true,vivid,andfulfilled)–Sheregrettedtellinghimhersecrets.(Compare:Iregrettotellyou…)(true,andfulfilled)–Hestoppedsmoking.(Compare:Hestoppedtosmoke.)(true,fulfilled)Gerunds1.Usegerundsaftersomeverbs,suchasadmit,appreciate,avoid,can’thelp,consider,delay,deny,discuss,dislike,enjoy,miss,keep,postpone,quit…e.g.Shedislikesswimming.Heenjoysplayinggolf.Heavoidsdrivingonicyroads.Hequitsmokinglastyear.2.Usegerundsafterapreposition.Heswamamilewithoutstopping.Afterhearingthenews,shecalledherfriend.GroupActivityMakefivesentencesinyourgroups.Pleasenotethatyouhavetousegerundsinyoursentences.Gerunds=Infinitives•Begintodosth=begindoingsth•Starttodosth=startdoingsth•Continuetodosth=continuedoingsth•Liketodosth=likedoingsth•Lovetodosth=lovedoingsth•Hatetodosth=hatedoingsth•Prefertodosth=preferdoingsth•Can’tbeartodosth=can’tbeardoingsth•Can’tstandtodosth=can’tstanddoingsthGerunds(fulfilled)vs.Infinitives(unfulfilled)•Stoptodosth/stopdoingsth•Remembertodosth/rememberdoingsth•Forgettodosth/forgetdoingsth.•Regrettosay(tell)/regretdoingsth•trydoingsth(尝试)/Trytodosth(努力)GroupActivity•Maketwosentencesforthefourverbs(stop,forget,remember,regret,try),onewithaninfinitive,andonewithagerund.ErrorCorrection•Iwassurprisedtosawhimjoggingearlyinthemorning.•Theteacherscanworkasvolunteersteachus.•Wedidn’thaveanythingelsetodoexceptcleanourroom.•Usingacomputerwellissomethingyoushouldknowhowtodo.•IlikeConversationclassbecausewecanlearnhowtospeakingEnglish.•WhenIwasathree-year-oldgirl,itwasdifficultbuyingacake.•Theyknowhowtobekind-heartedpeopleandthewaycommunicatewithothers.•Hisideaofinventinganewkindoffuelwasconsideredridiculousbyhispeers.•PresidentKimwantedtobuiltaspecialschool.•Themostimportantthingingettingknowledgeistostarttowantdoit.•Theywereexcitedaboutchangingtheirplansbecausetheyhadbeenafraidtotelltheteachertheydidn’tlikethefirstplan.•Hetoldustosaveelectricityandwaterisanimportanthabitforeveryone.