新视野大学英语第二册课堂笔记

Unit1SectionATime-ConsciousAmericansⅠ.AbstractThispassageshowsthewayofAmericansregardingtime。Americansarefamousfortheirtime-consciousness.His/herbeliefisthatnoonestandsstill.Nomovingaheadmeansfallingbehind.Thisresultsinacountrythatpeopleofitdevotethemselvesintoresearching,experimentingandexploring.TimeisthemostimportantthingforAmericanslives.Ononehand,Americanstrytheirbesttosaveuptimebydifferentways.Theyareinhurrytogettheirdestination,pushtheothersinordertofinishtheirshoppingquickly.RacingthroughdaytimemealsispartofthepaceoflifeinAmerica.Peoplemakefulluseofmodernwaystocommunicatewitheachotherefficiently.Ontheotherhand,peoplemisstherelaxedwayofliving.Theyliketheopeningexchangesofabusinesscall.Theymisstheritualinteractionthatissuitableforawelcomingcupofteaorcoffee.ThepeoplecomingfromdifferentcultureshavedifferentideasfromthoseofAmerican.Ⅱ.CultureNotes1.TheDefinitionofCultureCultureisaverybroadtermusedtodescribethearts,thebeliefs,thevalues,thetraditions,thecustoms,andtheinstitutionsthatareconsideredtobecharacteristicofacommunity,apeople,aregion,oranation.Culturealsoincludesthelanguagesanddialectsthatpeopleusetoexpresstheirfeelingsandtocommunicatewitheachother.Itisoftendifficulttodissociatelanguageandculturesince,inmostcases,languageisthemainmediumthroughwhichcultureistransmitted.Mostpeoplefeelthatitisimpossibletoreallyknowaculturewithoutspeakingthelanguage.InsomeimmigrantpopulationsinNorthAmerica,however,theoriginallanguage(French,German,Chinese,Polish,etc.)hasbeenlostbutcustomsandtraditionsarestillmaintained2.TimeOrientationCulturePast-orientatedculturesbelievestronglyinthesignificanceofpriorevents.History,establishedreligions,andtraditionareextremelyimportanttothesecultures,sothereisastrongbeliefthatthepastshouldbetheguideformakingdecisionsanddeterminingtruth.WeseethisorientationinChina,whichbecauseofitslongandsplendidhistorycontinuestorespectthepast.Present-orientatedculturesholdthatthemomenthasthemostsignificance.Forthem,thefutureisvague,ambiguous,andunknownandwhatisrealexistsIthehereandnow.Future-orientatedcultures,suchastheonefoundintheUnitedStates,emphasizethefutureandexpectittobegranderandnicerthanthepresent.Ⅲ.NewWords1.budget:v.planthespendingof(time,money,etc.),orprovide(time,money)intheplanvt.编入预算;设计使用vi.安排开支n.预算a.便宜的，廉价的Shebudgetedforbuyinganewcar.她为了买新汽车而计划节省开支。Itisimportanttobalancethisyear'sbudget.[词组]balanceone’sbudget平衡预算within/belowbudget在预算之内budgetfordoingsth.为做……做预算2.acute:adj.fine,sharp,severe,verygreat(1)敏锐的；灵敏的;(2)剧烈的；厉害的;(3)严重的;(4)急性的（疾病）Hestillhasveryacutehearing,thoughheis80yearsold.Sheissufferingacutepain.[辨析]acute；keen；sharp意思都含“锐利的”(包括它的引伸义)意思。用于物时,(1)sharp指“尖或刃”,如:asharppoint锐利的尖。(2)keen一般指“刃”,如:akeenedge锋刃。(3)acute只用于学术语中,如:anacuteangle锐角。用于人时,(1)sharp表示“有洞察力的,精明的,机警的”,着重“狡猾”“不易受骗”,如:Youwon'tcatchhim.He'sverysharp.你骗不了他,他精明极了。(2)keen表示人的“锐敏”、“聪明”、“善于思索”,如:He'sakeenmind.他头脑灵敏。(3)acute侧重指“人观察事物的深刻性以及分辨问题的细致性。”如:Hehasgivenanacuteanalysisofthesituation.他对形势做了深刻的分析。3.replacevt.（常与with,by连用）用…代替[辨析]replace;supersede;supplant都含“代替”的意思。(1)replace指“代替某人”或“取代已经失去的、毁坏的或用坏的东西”,如:Wereplacedefectivetubes.我们更换有毛病的管子。(2)supersede系正式用语,指“用更好的、最新的东西替换过时的或无用的东西”,如:Thesailingshipsweresupersededbythesteamships.帆船已被汽船所取代。(3)supplant指“以武力、欺骗等手段替代原来的人或其职位”,如:Theprimeministerwassupplantedbyhisrival.首相被他的政敌赶下台了。4.restlessadj.得不到休息的,不平静的,不安宁的restlessly:ad.impatientlyThemanrepeatedlylookedathiswatchwhilewalkingupanddownrestlesslyintheroom.5.elbow:vt.Topushorjostle(anotherorothers)withtheelbow.用肘推挤（另一人或另一些人）n.Thejointorbendofthearmbetweentheforearmandtheupperarm.肘关节上臂与前臂之间的关节或胳膊弯曲处[词组]outatelbow(s)衣衫褴褛的,破旧的；千疮百孔的elbowone’sway用肘挤出路来elbowsb.aside(off)推到一边Sheelbowedherwaythroughthecrowd.她从人群中挤了过去。6.abrupt:a.1)(ofbehavior)rough粗鲁无礼的；唐突的WhenIaskedherabouthernewjob,shewasquiteabruptwithme.2)suddenandunexpected突然的Themeetingcametoanabruptend.会谈突然结束。[辨析]sudden;abrupt意思都含“突然的”。(1)sudden指“事先未料到、无准备而迅速发生的”,强调“先未警告的”,如:asuddenoutburstoftemper突然大发雷霆。(2)abrupt指“突然的”、“出其不意的”、“事先未告知的”,如:Hetookanabruptdeparture.他突然离去。7.brief:a.shortandnotcontainingtoomanydetailsHisremarkswerebriefandtothepoint.他的话很简洁，而且说到了点子上。[词组]inbrief=inshort简单地说；简明扼要的Noticetheuseofthephraseinbrief,whichmeansinasfewwordsaspossible.thenewsinbrief新闻提要Inbrief,takenoriskswhatever.简而言之,千万不要冒险。[派生词]brevityn.简短8.ritual:1)a.ofordoneregularlyfollowedinexactlythesamewayeachtime通常的,习惯的Everydaytheworkbeginswiththeritualphrasesofgreeting.每天，工作以例行的相互问候开始。2)n.[C,U]methodfollowedrepeatedlyinthesamewayeverytime例行仪式;例行习惯Wivesmakearitualoftheirhouseholdduties.家庭主妇把家务作为自己每天的例行公事。9.interaction:n.1)communication交流informalinteractionsamongadults成年人之间非正式交流2)actingoneachother;workingtogether互相作用；互相影响Increasedinteractionbetweenthepoliceandcitizenswillimprovetherateofsolvingcrimes.警民之间加强合作将有助于提高破案率。inter-[构词成分]表示“在…中”“相互”[派生词]interactv.互相作用interacton作用,影响,制约,配合interactwith与...相合10.convention:n.1)general,usu.unspoken,agreementabouthowpeopleshouldactorbehaveincertainsituations;customarypractice习俗,惯例Itistheconventionformentowearsuitsonformaloccasions.男子在正式场合穿西装是一种惯例。2)meetingofmemberso