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当前位置:首页 > 中学教育 > 初中教育 > 九年级化学第十章知识点总结
世界观人人都有,而哲学只有经过系统的学习的人才能掌握它。世界观是自发成的,是不系统的、不自觉的、缺乏严密的逻辑和理论论证,而哲学则是把自发的、零散的、朴素的世界观加以理论化和系统化,因而具有严密的逻辑和完整的理论体系。appearanceoftheweldappearancequalitytechnicalrequirementsoftheprojectmustnothaveamoltenmetalstreamdoesnotmeltthebasemetaltoweld,weldseamandheat-affectedzonesurfacemustnothavecracks,pores,defectssuchascraterandash,surfacesmoothing,weldandbasemetalshouldbeevenlysmoothtransition.Width2-3mmfromtheedgeofweldGroove.Surfacereinforcementshouldbelessthanorequalto1+0.2timestheslopeedgewidth,andshouldnotbegreaterthan4mm.Depthofundercutshouldbelessthanorequalto0.5mm,totallengthoftheweldsonbothsidesundercutnotexceed10%oftheweldlength,andlongcontinuousshouldnotbegreaterthan100mm.Wrongsideshouldbelessthanorat0.2T,andshouldnotbegreaterthan2mm(wallthicknessmmt)incompleteornotallow7.57.5.1installationqualityprocessstandardsoftheelectricalenclosureCabinetsurfaceisclean,neat,nosignificantphenomenonofconvex,closetonature,closethedoor.7.5.2CabinetCabinetfacepaintsnopaint,returnedtorusted,consistentcolor.7.5.3uniformindirectgapfromtoptobottom,slotwidth1.5mm7.5.4adjacentCabinetsurfaceroughnessis0.7.5.5thecabinetsfirmlyfixed,craftsbeautiful.7.5.6Cabinetsurfacegauge,switchcabinetmarkclear,neat,firmpaste.7.5.7Terminalrowofneat,isreliable,theappearanceiscleanandnotdamaged.7.5.8cablesneatandclean,solidbinding,bindingprocessinappearance.7.5.9thefirstcableproductionfirm,craftsbeautiful,clearsignagedoesnotfade.7.5.10fireproofpluggingtight,nocracksandpores.7.67.6.1ofthestandardelectricalwiringqualitytechnologycablea,themulti-corewirebuncharrangementshouldbeparalleltoeachother,horizontalwireharnessorwireshouldbeperpendiculartothelongitudinalmulti-corewirebunch.Thedistancebetweenthewireharnessandwireharnesssymmetry,andascloseaspossible.B-corewiringharnessintoround,multi-corewirebunchusedgwirebinding,fastening第十单元酸和碱第一节预备一、酸碱指示剂定义:能跟酸或碱的溶液起作用而显示不同颜色的物质叫做酸碱指示剂。常见的酸碱指示剂有紫色石蕊溶液和无色酚酞溶液。某些植物的花瓣或果实(如牵牛花、月季花、紫卷心菜等)也可用作酸碱指示剂。紫色石蕊溶液遇酸溶液(含H+的溶液)变红,遇碱溶液(含OH-的溶液)变蓝,在中性溶液中呈紫色。无色酚酞溶液遇酸溶液不变色,在中性溶液中不变色,遇碱溶液变红。并非所有的盐溶液都是中性的。水溶液呈碱性的盐:纯碱、小苏打等。水溶液呈酸性的盐:硫酸铜、硫酸氢钠等。s二、干燥剂1.使用干燥剂的目的是除去气体中混有的水蒸气。2.我们学过的干燥剂有氢氧化钠、浓硫酸、氧化钙、氯化钙等。氢氧化钠易潮解;浓硫酸具有吸水性;而氧化钙可以与水反应:CaO+H2O=Ca(OH)23.氢氧化钠氢氧化钠等碱性干燥剂不能干燥氯化氢、二氧化碳、二氧化硫等酸性气体。4.浓硫酸浓硫酸等酸性干燥剂不能干燥氨气等碱性气体。三、复分解反应定义:两种化合物互相交换成分,生成另外两种化合物的反应叫复分解反应。特点:交换成分,价态不变。反应发生的条件:生成难电离的物质(水、气体或沉淀)。置换反应和复分解反应没有先后顺序,可同时发生。第二节酸一、酸的定义和分类酸:物质溶于水时,形成的阳离子全部是H+的化合物。由于酸、碱、盐溶于水时会电离出阴、阳离子,所以酸、碱、盐的水溶液具有导电性。酸的电离:HCl=H++Cl-,H2SO4=2H++SO42-酸含氧酸(命名“某酸”)H2SO4(硫酸)、H2CO3(碳酸)、HNO3(硝酸)、H2SO3(亚硫酸)……无氧酸(命名“氢某酸”)HCl(盐酸,学名氢氯酸)、HF(氢氟酸)、H2S(氢硫酸)……特殊的有机酸:CH3COOH(醋酸,又名乙酸)有刺激性气味,易挥发世界观人人都有,而哲学只有经过系统的学习的人才能掌握它。世界观是自发成的,是不系统的、不自觉的、缺乏严密的逻辑和理论论证,而哲学则是把自发的、零散的、朴素的世界观加以理论化和系统化,因而具有严密的逻辑和完整的理论体系。appearanceoftheweldappearancequalitytechnicalrequirementsoftheprojectmustnothaveamoltenmetalstreamdoesnotmeltthebasemetaltoweld,weldseamandheat-affectedzonesurfacemustnothavecracks,pores,defectssuchascraterandash,surfacesmoothing,weldandbasemetalshouldbeevenlysmoothtransition.Width2-3mmfromtheedgeofweldGroove.Surfacereinforcementshouldbelessthanorequalto1+0.2timestheslopeedgewidth,andshouldnotbegreaterthan4mm.Depthofundercutshouldbelessthanorequalto0.5mm,totallengthoftheweldsonbothsidesundercutnotexceed10%oftheweldlength,andlongcontinuousshouldnotbegreaterthan100mm.Wrongsideshouldbelessthanorat0.2T,andshouldnotbegreaterthan2mm(wallthicknessmmt)incompleteornotallow7.57.5.1installationqualityprocessstandardsoftheelectricalenclosureCabinetsurfaceisclean,neat,nosignificantphenomenonofconvex,closetonature,closethedoor.7.5.2CabinetCabinetfacepaintsnopaint,returnedtorusted,consistentcolor.7.5.3uniformindirectgapfromtoptobottom,slotwidth1.5mm7.5.4adjacentCabinetsurfaceroughnessis0.7.5.5thecabinetsfirmlyfixed,craftsbeautiful.7.5.6Cabinetsurfacegauge,switchcabinetmarkclear,neat,firmpaste.7.5.7Terminalrowofneat,isreliable,theappearanceiscleanandnotdamaged.7.5.8cablesneatandclean,solidbinding,bindingprocessinappearance.7.5.9thefirstcableproductionfirm,craftsbeautiful,clearsignagedoesnotfade.7.5.10fireproofpluggingtight,nocracksandpores.7.67.6.1ofthestandardelectricalwiringqualitytechnologycablea,themulti-corewirebuncharrangementshouldbeparalleltoeachother,horizontalwireharnessorwireshouldbeperpendiculartothelongitudinalmulti-corewirebunch.Thedistancebetweenthewireharnessandwireharnesssymmetry,andascloseaspossible.B-corewiringharnessintoround,multi-corewirebunchusedgwirebinding,fastening二、常见的酸盐酸(氢氯酸)硫酸化学式HClH2SO4形成H2+Cl2HClSO2+H2O=H2SO3,2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO4(酸雨形成的原理)状态无色液体、具有酸味、刺激性气味(浓硫酸)无色粘稠的油状液体(稀硫酸)无色液体特点浓盐酸具有强挥发性①浓硫酸具有吸水性(物理性质)②浓硫酸具有强腐蚀性(化学性质)③浓硫酸溶于水时会放出大量热用途重要化工产品,用于金属表面除锈、制药人体胃液中含有盐酸,可以帮助消化重要化工原料,用于生产化肥、农药、火药、染料以及冶炼金属、精炼石油和金属除锈等在实验室中常用浓硫酸作干燥剂敞口放置的变化质量减小,溶质质量分数减小(挥发性)质量变大,溶质质量分数减小(吸水性)注意事项①工业生产的盐酸偏黄,是因为含有Fe3+,可用蒸馏法提纯。②打开浓盐酸的瓶塞,会有白雾出现,是因为:挥发的氯化氢气体极易溶于水,挥发时溶解的氯化氢与水蒸气形成了盐酸的小液滴。①浓硫酸的稀释:把浓硫酸沿器壁慢慢注入,并不断用玻璃棒搅拌(目的:加快溶解、散热)。②如果把水倒进浓硫酸里,由于水的密度小,浮在硫酸上面,硫酸溶解时放出的热不易散失,使水暴沸,使硫酸液滴向四周飞溅,导致危险。浓硫酸能将纸张、木材、布料、皮肤中的氢、氧元素按水的组成比脱去,这种作用通常叫做脱水作用。盐酸、硝酸、醋酸具有挥发性;碳酸不稳定,容易分解成二氧化碳和水。硝酸、硝酸银见光易分解,所以它们要放在棕色试剂瓶中。浓硫酸的稀释操作三、酸的化学
本文标题:九年级化学第十章知识点总结
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