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3,,,-,,,,20052(internationalenvironmentalagreements),(transboundaryenvironmentalproblems),,,,,2521500233:,77210029:025-86563636:junwang@nau.edu.cnP.BensteinK.Cadman(),,,,,50,:(self2enforcing),,,(free2riding),,:,,Hoel(1991)Barrett(1994),,,,(self2financedwelfaretransfer),(sidepayment),(CarraroandSiniscalco,1993),(issuelinkage)(CesarandDeZeeuw,1994;CarraroandSiniscalco,1998;Charnovitz,1998),,,,,(,2004),:CarraroSiniscalco(1993)Barrett(1994),,,;ChanderTulkens(1995),,CarraroSiniscalco(1993)(C-S),,,,352150023Telser(1980),Barrett(1994),Kaul(1999)Hoel(1994)C-S,(grandagreement),(CarraroandSiniscalco,1993,1998),,,CarraroSiniscalco,(internalstability),,(externalstability),(CarraroandSiniscalco,1993),C-S,C-S,,C-S(emission),(abatementeffort),C-S,,Barrett(1994)Bar2rettC-S,,,,,:,;,,Barrett,Barrett(identical),,,(reactionfunction)Stackelberg,Barrett,(substantially),,,(),,,,,Barrett,,;,,,,,,,,452150023,SN,,(singleton),SAN,S,(grandcoalition)S=N,,Myerson(1991)OsborneRubinstein(1994),,Rothschild(1998),Barrett,(1);(2),C-S,,,C-S,Barrett(1994)C-S,Barrett,,,,,(en2dogenously),,,,,,,,,;,,,,(burden2sharingrule),,,(farsighted),,,Barrett(1994)(abatementlevel),,(emissionlevel),,,C-SBarrett,Barrett,C-S,,,Barrett,,,,,C-Sn,N={1,2,,n},iei,ei0,n552150023vanEgterenTang(1997)NaShin(1998)Finus(2001),Chwe(1994)E=ni=1eiieiBi(ei),EiDi(E),iwiiBi(ei)Di(E),:wi=Bi(ei)-Di(E)(1)i:Bi(ei)=aei-12be2i(2)ab0,iNi:D(E)=Di(E)=Dj(E)=12cE2(3)(damagefunction),c0,ijN,iji:wi=Bi(ei)-Di(E)=aei-12be2i-12cni=1ei2(4)(),,,,,1:n(n2,n),,,(1);(2)1ni=1ei=ei+n-1j=1,jiej,(4)9wi9ei=0:ei=a-cn-1j=1,jiejb+c(5),,(5)ei=a-c(n-1)eib+c,E=ni=1ei=nei:ei=ab+cn(6.1)(6.1)i(6.1)(4)i,:wi=a2[b-cn(n-2)]2(b+cn)2(6.2)i,wi0,bcn(n-2);,bcn(n-2),wi0,,652150023,,ei=ej=1nE,ij(4),:W=ni=1wi=ni=1aei-12be2i-c2ni=1ni=1ei2(7)9W9E=0:E=anb+cn2(8),iei:ei=1nE=ab+cn2(9.1)(9.1)(7)i: wi=1nW=a22(b+cn2)(9.2) wi0,(6.2),(9.2)(6.1)(9.1),:n1eiei(9.3),n,n,n12ii wiiwi(6.2)(9.2):wi- wi=-a2c2n2(n-1)22(b+cn)2(b+cn2)(10)abc0,n1,wi- wi0 wiwi,n1,i,1(),inN={1,2,,n},S,SAN,N\S|S|=s,,Eses,Es=ses,N\Sens,Ens=(n-s)ens,,752150023,s,s,,,sns,,Es,Ens,esenswswns,Stackelberg,(4):wns=aens-12be2ns-12cni=1ei2(11)9wns9ens:ens=a-cEsb+c(n-s)(12):Ens=(n-s)ens=(a-cEs)(n-s)b+c(n-s)(13):maxsSws(14)s.t.Ens=(a-cEs)(n-s)b+c(n-s):Es=asb[b+c(n-s)]2-bcs(n-s)[b+c(n-s)]2+bcs2(15):es=Ess=ab[b+c(n-s)]2-bcs(n-s)[b+c(n-s)]2+bcs2(16)(15)(12),:ens=ab[b+c(n-s)](b-cs)+bcs2[b+c(n-s)]2+bcs2(17)Ens=(n-s)ens,,:E=Es+Ens=an[b+c(n-s)][b+c(n-s)]2+bcs2(18)(16)(17),s=n,,(16)(9.1),es=ei,s=0,,,,(17)(6.1),ens=ei(),,1(CarraroandSiniscalco,1993):n,i=1,2,,n,Pi(S)i(participate)S,Qi(S)i(quit)S,:(1)iS,S852150023,Barrett(1994)Hoel(1992),Pi(S)Pi(ª),PiS,ª,S(2)S,:(i),iS,S,Qi(S\i)Pi(S),Qi(S\i)iS;(ii),j|S,S,Pj(Sj)Qj(S)(3)S,iPi(S),Pi(S)Pi(S3),PiS,SAT,PS3ATiS3,T,S,S(9.2)(9.3),n,,wi0,n2,,,,,,e0,,,,(6.1)(9.1),(16)(17)es0ens0,es0ens0,2:cb4n(n-4),n6,es0,ens02es=Ess=ab[b+c(n-s)]2-bcs(n-s)[b+c(n-s)]2+bcs20(19)abc0,ns,(19):[b+c(n-s)]2-bcs(n-s)0ys(s)=[b+c(n-s)]2-bcs(n-s)(20),ys(s)s(convexquadraticfunction),ys(s)=y3s(s3),y32(s3)0,es0ysdysds=0,ys:Minys=y3s=[b+c(n-s)]2-bcs(n-s)y3s=b24(b+c)2+c2(n-2)2+2c(b+c)(n-2)(2-s)4(b+c)2(21):y3s=b2[4b-cn2+4cn]4(b+c)es0,y3s=b2[4b-cn2+4cn]4(b+c)0,:4b-cn2+4cn0bc0,n4,cb4n(n-4),cb4n(n-4),n5,es0ens0,n6,cb4n(n-4)2n,ens0,n6,cb4n(n-4),ens0,es0n,2n6(interiorsolution952150023constraints)n,n,,,3:(1)sssp=b+cnb+c,wss;(2)sssp=b+cnb+c,wss;(3)s=ssp=b+cnb+c,ws3(16)(17)(11)(14),,:ws=a22b1-bcn2[b+c(n-s)]2+bcs2(22)wns=a22b{[b+c(n-s)]2+bcs2}2-cn2[b+c(n-s)]2(b+c){[b+c(n-s)]2+bcs2}2(23),(22)[b+c(n-s)]2+bcs2s,,,[b+c(n-s)]2+bcs2,ws,y(s)=[b+c(n-s)]2+bcs2ssp=b+cnb+c,,:(1)sssp=b+cnb+c,wss;(2)sssp=b+cnb+c,wss;(3)s=ssp=b+cnb+c,ws,,,CarraroSiniscalco(1998),,4:(1)sssp=b+cnb+c,wswns;(2)sssp=b+cnb+c,wswns;(3)s=ssp=b+cnb+c,ws=wns4(22)(23):ws-wns=a2c2n22b[b+c(n-s)+bs][b+c(n-s)-bs]{[b+c(n-s)]2+bcs2}2(24)ns,wswns,b+c(n-s)-bs0sb+cnb+cssp=b+cnb+c,:(1)sssp=b+cnb+c,wswns;(2)sssp=b+cnb+c,wswns;(3)s=ssp=b+cnb+c,ws=wns,sissp=b+cnb+c,,;,sjssp=b+cnb+c,062150023,1,,;,,22:s3:(1)ws(s3)wns(s3-1);(2)ws(s3+1)wns(s3),5:ss=ssp+1,s5:4s=ssp=b+cnb+c,ws(ssp)=wns(ssp),3,sssp=b+cnb+c,ws(s)sws(ssp+1)ws(ssp)=wns(ssp),s=ssp+1,ws(s)wns(s-1),s:s,s=ssp+1ws(s+1)wns(s),:2n3cb2+n24cb-cb3-3cb2+n2+14cb2+8cb3+2cb+6+14cb-cb2-4cb4-11cb3cb+130cb1,4cb-cb3-3cb30;cb1.094,6+14cb-cb2-4cb4-11cb302,n6,cb4n(n-4),n6,cb1,,s3s,()5,,s=ssp=b+cnb+c,s2,n1,n-ssp=b(n-1)b+c0,bc0,nssp2n6,nssp,n=s(s=ssp),,n=1,n=s,,,n1,nssp,n=s,,C-S,C-S,C-S162150023,,,abcns,Barrett,,,,(heterogeneous),,,,,,,,,,,,,,Barrett,(stockexternality),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(openmember2ship)(YiandShin,1995),(coalitionunanimity)(Bloch,1996)(equilibriumbindingagreements)(RayandVohra,1997),,,,,,,,(singleton),,262150023DocknerLong(1993),RubioCasino(2003)Ulph(2004),(transnationalexternalities),,SandlerHartley(2001)SandlerEnders(2002),ieii,,1,,():(2004):,7Barrett,S.Self-EnforcingInternationalEnvironmentalAgreements.OxfordEconomicPapers46,1994,pp1878-8
本文标题:寻求稳定的国际环境协议
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