应用和解决方案兼容的三维可视化--外文文献及译文

本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：ApplicationsandSolutionsforInteroperable3dGeo-Visualization文献、资料来源：网络文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2006院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：-1-外文文献：ApplicationsandSolutionsforInteroperable3dGeo-Visualization3Dvisualizationsofspatialobjectsareemployedinanincreasingnumberofapplicationsfromtheareasof(urban)planning,citymarketing,tourism,andfacilitymanagement.Furtherapplicationfieldscouldbeentered,ifdistributedspatialobjectscouldbeintegratedontheflyintoone3dscene.Weargue,thatthisintegrationcanonlybesuccessful(andinsomecasesonlybepossible)ifitdoesnotmeantocopyandconcentratealldataintoonemonolithicsystem.Inthisarticlewesketchpromisingnewapplicationsandexaminetheirtechnicalrequirements.Wediscusshowtheseissuescanbeaddressedbytheuseofinteroperablegeowebservices,followingthestandardsproposedbytheOpenGISConsortium,theISO,andtheinitiativeGeodataInfrastructureNorthRhine-Westphalia(GDINRW)inGermany.Toovercomecurrentlimitationsweintroduceanewwebserviceforthe3dvisualizationofspatialdata.ThepresentedapplicationscenariosarearesultofthefeasibilitystudyVirtualRegionsintheRhine-Ruhrarea2006whichhasbeencarriedoutonbehalfofthestategovernmentofNorthRhine-WestphaliainGermany.1.INTRODUCTION3Dcityandlandscapemodelsrevealahighinformationpotentialforavarietyofapplicationfieldsintheprivateandpublicsector.Besidesthewell-knownapplicationsinthefieldsofarchitecture,urbanandtransportplanning,surveyingandmobiletelecommunication,3dmodelsbecomeincreasinglyimportantinthefieldsofcityandregionalmarketing(e.g.representationofregions,municipalities,companiesandFootballWorldCuplocations),tourism(recreation,culture),telematics(pedestrianandcarnavigation),civilprotection(floodprotection,noiseandpollutantdispersion,disastermanagement),realestatemanagement(broker,banks,assurances),andfacilitymanagement.Mostapplicationstypicallyneedvariousgeoinformationfromdifferentdataproviders.E.g.anarchitecturefirmrequiresfortheplanningofanewshoppingmalldigital3dgeoinformationintermsofasmallscaledandlowdetailedcitymodelcoveringthewholeplanningarea,whichwillsupporttheidentificationofappropriatelocations.The3dobjectsalsohavetoberelatedtosocioeconomical2dgeoinformation.Whentheappropriatelocationhasbeenfound,detailed-2-architecturalresp.buildingmodelswithdetailedtexturingarenecessaryforthetargetareainordertobeabletodemonstratetheintegrationoftheshoppingmallwithitsenvironmentby3dvisualization.Difficultiesarise,becausespatialdatasetsarenotonlyscatteredoverdifferentpublicandprivatedataproviders,butalsousedifferentmodels,dataformats,andlevelsofdetail.Becauseoftheseheterogeneousconditions,integrated3dvisualizationofthesedataresourcesprovestobecomplicated.Indeed,ageneralstrategyforinteroperable3dgeo-visualizationinthecontextofgeoinformationsystemsisstillmissing.Atlarge,thewidespreadandsustainableuseof3dgeoinformationinthementionedapplicationfieldsishinderedbyhighpricing,limiteddataavailability,missing3danalysisinstruments,diversityofformatsandprocessingsystems,andinsufficientaccessmechanisms.Above,dataactualityandqualityof3dmodelsoftenislow,becauseinmanycases3dcitymodelshavebeenacquiredforspecificprojectsonlyandwerenotupdatedafterwards.However,usersrequireimmediatedataaccess,meansfortheinteroperableintegrationofdifferent3dgeoinformationindifferentlevelsofdetail,toolsfor3danalysisandfurtherdataprocessing(basedondatastorageusingdatabases,generalpurpose3dGISwithfunctionalitieslikevisibilityanalysesetc.)aswellassolutionsforinteractivevisualizationandpresentation.Furthermore,aspectsofmodelintegrity,security,dataupdating(anditscosts),2d-3d-integration,realtimevisualizationandtexturing(highlyresp.lessdetailed,photo-realisticorpseudotextures)areofutmostimportanceforthequalityanduseracceptanceof3dgeoinformationsystems.ItistheaimoftheinitiativeGeoDataInfrastructureNorthRhine-Westphalia(GDINRW)toimprovetheavailability,useanddistributionofspatialdataandtherebyenablethegeoinformationmarketinNRWandbeyond.TheGDINRWrealizesanopennetworkbringingtogethergeoinformationproducers,valueadders,brokersandusers.Bytheapplicationofwebservicetechnologythespatialdatafrompublicandprivatesourcescanberegistered,queriedandvisualizedinaninteroperableway(Bernardetal.2003).TheInitiativeGDINRWwasfoundedin1999asapublicprivatepartnershipbetweendataproviders,softwaremanufacturers,users,andparticipantsfromacademiaandadministration.TheCeGiCenterforGeoinformationGmbHmanagestheoperativebusinessoftheGDINRW.Interoperabilityofdistributeddataresourcesisthekeyissuewrt.Spatialdatainfrastructures.ToensureinteroperabilitytheGDINRWadopts(andisalsoinvolvedinthedevelopmentof)internationalstandardsoftheOpenGISConsortium-3-andtheISO/TC211(seeAltmaierandMüller2002,GDINRW2003,CeGi2003a,OGC2003,ISO2003).Toovercometheabovementionedspecificproblemsof3ddatahandlingandvisualization,theSpecialInterestGroup3D(SIG3D)hasbeenfoundedasaworkinggroupintheGDINRW.Formorethanayearitisworkingonthedevelopmentofuser-orientedconceptsfortheinteroperableintegrationofdifferentdistributed3dspatialdataresourcesofpublicandprivateproviders.Thegeneralideaistoavoidcentr