航空发动机历史英文版

北京航空航天大学毕业设计（论文）第页1THEHISTORYOFAIRCRAFTENGINEGEAVIATION:NINEDECADESTHATCHANGEDTHEWORLDWhentheUnitedStatesenteredWorldWarIin1917,theU.S.governmentsearchedforacompanytodevelopthefirstairplaneengineboosterforthefledglingU.S.aviationindustry.Thisbooster,orturbosupercharger,installedonapistonengine,usedtheengine'sexhaustgasestodriveanaircompressortoboostpowerathigheraltitude.GeneralElectricacceptedthechallengefirst,butanotherteamalsorequestedthechancetodeveloptheturbosupercharger.ContractswereawardedinwhatwasthefirstmilitaryaircraftenginecompetitionintheU.S.A.Underwartimesecrecy,bothcompaniestestedanddevelopedvariousdesignsuntiltheArmycalledforatestdemonstration.InthebitteratmosphereofPikesPeak,14,000feetabovesealevel,GeneralElectricdemonstrateda350-horsepower,turbosuperchargedLibertyaircraftengineandenteredthebusinessofmakingairplanesflyhigher,faster,andwithmoreefficiencythaneverbefore.ThatmountaintoptestofthefirstturbosuperchargerlandedGE'sfirstaviation-relatedgovernmentcontractandpavedthewayforGEtobecomeaworldleaderinjetengines.北京航空航天大学毕业设计（论文）第页2Formorethantwodecades,GEproducedturbosuperchargersthatenabledaircraft,includingmanyinserviceduringWorldWarII,toflyhigher,withheavierpayloads.TheCompany'sexpertiseinturbinesingeneralandinturbosuperchargersinparticularfiguredsignificantlyintheU.S.ArmyAirForce'sselectingGEtodevelopthenation'sfirstjetengine.Sincethen,theaircraftenginesdivisionofGEAviationhasscoredmanyfirsts.Amongthem:America'sfirstjetengine,thefirstturbojetenginestopowerflightsattwoandthreetimesthespeedofsound,andtheworld'sfirsthighbypassturbofanenginetoenterservice.Today,GEAviation'saircraftenginesdivision,withrevenuesof$10.97billionin2003,designs,develops,andmanufacturesjetenginesforabroadspectrumofmilitaryandcommercialaircraftaswellasaeroderivativegasturbinesformarineapplications.Inaddition,GEAviationistheworld'sleadingintegratedenginemaintenanceresource.GEBUILDSAMERICA'SFIRSTJETENGINEBecauseprinciplesandchallengesinturbosuperchargersapplytogasturbinesaswell,GEwasalogicalchoicetobuildAmerica'sfirstjetengine.In1941,theU.S.ArmyAirCorpspickedGE'sLynn,Massachusetts,planttobuildajetenginebasedonthedesignofBritain'sSirFrankWhittle.Sixmonthslater,onApril18,1942,GE'sengineerssuccessfullyrantheI-Aengine.InOctober,1942,atMurocDryLake,California,twoI-AenginespoweredthehistoricfirstofaBellXP-59AAiracometaicraft,launchingtheUnitedStatesintotheJetAge.(ThethrustratingoftheI-Awas1,250pounds;thethrustratingoftheGE90-115Bismorethan90timesasgreatat115,000pounds.TheI-Aengineincorporatedacentrifugal-flowcompressor,asdidtheincreasinglymorepowerfulenginesdevelopedbyGEoverthenexttwoyears,culminatingintheJ33engine,whichwasratedat4,000poundsofthrust.TheJ33poweredthefirstU.S.ArmyAirCorps'firstoperationaljetfighter,theP-80ShootingStar,toaworld'sspeedrecordof620milesperhourin1947.Beforetheendofthatyear,however,aGEJ35enginepoweredaDouglasD-558-1Skystreaktoarecord-breaking650milesperhour.TheJ35wasthefirstGEturbojetenginetoincorporateanaxial-flowcompressor--thetypeofcompressorusedinallGEenginessincethen.However,theAirCorps,concernedaboutdisruptingsuppliesofturbosuperchargers,placedproductionofGE'sjetengineswithothermanufacturers.GEthenset北京航空航天大学毕业设计（论文）第页3aboutdesigninganother.TheresultingJ47putGEbackinthebusinessofbuildingjetengines.ButdemandfortheJ47topoweralmostallthenewfront-linemilitaryaircraft,particularlytheF-86SabreJet,meanttheLynnplantcouldnotkeepup.GEneededasecondfactory.GEselectedafederallyownedplantnearCincinnati,whereWrightAeronauticalpistonengineshadbeenproducedduringWorldWarII.GEformallyopenedtheplantonFebruary28,1949,withthesecondJ47productionline,tocomplementtheoriginallineatLynn.Later,theplantwouldbeknownasEvendaleandwouldbecomeGEAviation'sworldheadquarters.WiththeKoreanWarboostingdemand,theJ47becametheworld'smostproducedgasturbine.Morethan35,000J47enginesweredeliveredbytheendofthe1950s.Thatenginescoredtwomajorfirsts:itwasthefirstturbojetcertifiedforcivilusebytheU.S.CivilAeronauticsAdministration,andthefirsttouseanelectronicallycontrolledafterburnertoboostitsthrust.Thewarcreatedaboomenvironment.Aten-foldincreaseofGEemployeesinEvendaleresulted(from1,200to12,000peoplein20months),requiringatriplingofmanufacturingspace.In1951,GEannouncedthattheEvendaleplantwouldbeoneoftheworld'strulygreatjetenginecentersinpeaceandwar.In1954,theEvendalemanufacturingcomplex,virtuallyemptyjustsixyearsearlier,wasdesignatedasGE'sproductionfacilityforlargejetengineswhileitssisterplantinLynn,Massachusetts,focusedondevelopingandproducingsmalljetengines.HISTORICMILITARYENGINES:COLDWARTOIRAQIFREEDOMForallitssuccess,theJ47wasinadequatefortheplannedCenturyseriesoffighters,whichwouldflyatmorethantwicethespeedofsound.GErespondedtothechallengeofpoweringtheseaircraftwithoneofthemostimportantdevelopmentsforthejetengine,thevariablestatorofitsJ79turbojetengine.Themovablestatorvanesintheenginehelpedthecompressorcopewiththehugeinternalvariationsinairflowfromtakeofftohighsupersonicspeeds.Morethan17,000J79swerebuiltover30years,poweringaircraftsuchastheF-104